“acquiring”翻译成中文是“获得”
关键单词“acquiring”详解
一、音标:[əˈkwaɪərɪŋ]
二、释义:v. 获得;习得(acquire 的现在分词)
三、近义词:getting , buying , attaining
四、双语例句:
Children naturally have a blurred approach to acquiring knowledge.
孩子们获取知识的方式天生是模糊的。
From my perspective, learning to get along with others is more important than acquiring knowledge.
在我看来,学会如何与他人相处比获取知识更为重要。
The conditions for acquiring and retaining a thick nitrogen atmosphere are now readily understood.
现在很容易了解获得和保持厚氮大气的条件。
前段时间文章被接收后编辑校对后反馈给我,满屏都是关于the的改动,由于没有请人润色,增加了别人的工作量自感羞愧。现在仍被(医学)文章写作中冠词、单复数的使用所困扰,特此再次学习。本文整理自网络数篇相关文章,感谢原作者(已无法知晓最初来源)。(以下from周豪Stanley)
前几天导师返给我修改稿的时候,说了一句:“你那冠词的问题如果解决了,在学术领域基本上就是一个母语写作者了。”我听了受宠若惊,但同时又很羞愧,因为这个问题已经折磨他三年了:每次给我改文章,返回来的批注里大多是各种a变the、the变an、删the、加the…… 那天我看他的眼神,似乎在说:你去看看语法书吧我真求你了。
作者推荐书籍:
1. Wallwork, A. (2013). English for Research: Usage, Style, and Grammar.
2.Thomson, A. J. (1986). A Practical English Grammar (4th ed.) New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
用a/an:
1.用于单个可数名词之前,表示第一次提到(无特定指代)
2.用于单个可数名词之前,指代整个类属里的任一(相当于any)
不用a/an:
3.复数之前不用
4.不可数名词之前不用
用the:
5.用于特殊事物(the sky, the sun, the earth…)
6.用于第二次提到的事物
7.当有短语或从句将某事物特定化的时候(the girl I met)
8.当某事物在语境中被地点限定的时候
9.用于序数词之前
10.用于单个可数名词之前,指代整个类属里的全部(相当于all)
11. 用于某一特定人群里的某一个(the small shopkeeper)
不用the:
12.抽象事物之前(除非该抽象事物被赋予了特定含义)
13.特定词汇加the后意义可能改变,如:nature,自然;the nature,本质。
14.非特定地点的的地点名词之前(at home, at school, at prison)
==========复杂的来了==========
a/an 与the
15.a/an用于第一次出现的事物,the用于继续出现的事物
16.a/an用于类属里某的任一事物(any),the用于类属里的全部事物(all)
17.用the对某一事物做普遍性的陈述
=========更复杂的来了=========
零冠词(即不用冠词)与a/an
18.在概念层面上的事物,即使是单数可数名词,也不用冠词。
零冠词 与the
19.复数名词,且用于泛指,用零冠词
20.不可数名词,且用于泛指,用零冠词
21.抽象名词,无论可数或不可数,都用零冠词
22.论文标题的第一个词,如果是名词,通常省略the
23.图表标题的名词,通常省略the
========以我的句子举例========
以下这些句子都是我曾经写过然后被导师修改的,这些类型的错误我犯了无数次。
我的:The multiple factors influence children’s evaluation of scientific claims.
修改:Multiple factors influence children’s evaluation of scientific claims.
反思:这里的multiple factors是上文没有出现过的,且是泛指某些factors(下文才会具体地谈到它们是什么),所以不能用冠词。
我的:The news article may contain a chart of CO2 emissions by gasoline-powered cars.
修改:A news article may contain a chart of CO2 emissions by gasoline-powered cars.
反思:首先,article是单个可数名词,所以不能用零冠词;其次,这个article并没有被短语或从句限定住,所以读者并不知道是“哪个”article,它是指news article这个类属里的任一个,所以要用a。
我的:How can an argument-oriented instruction play a role in students' reasoning?
修改:How can argument-oriented instruction play a role in students' reasoning?
反思:此处的argument-oriented instruction是一个概念层面的事物(可以理解为术语),而既不是泛指某类属,也不是instruction类属里的某一个,所以用零冠词。
我的:Another data source is the videotaped observation of classroom instruction.
修改:Another data source is videotaped observations of classroom instruction.
反思:此处的observation不需要用the特指,因为之前并没有出现过,用零冠词的复数名词更符合学术写作惯例。(不过我还没完全理解清楚。) ---------
我的:One camera will be fixed at the front of the classroom to capture the whole-class interaction.
修改:One camera will be fixed at the front of the classroom to capture whole-class interactions.
反思:同上。 ---------
我的:The analysis of observation protocols and video-based interaction analysis were conducted.
修改:Analysis of observation protocols and video-based interaction analysis were conducted.
反思:首先,这个analysis之前并未出现过,也不是泛指整个类属,所以不能用the;其次,analysis在此处是一个概念层面的术语,所以比an analysis要更符合学术写作惯例。
反思:或许也可以用analyses of observation protocols and...
=============又及=============
晚上跟一个朋友吃饭,她在进博士班之前,在州立大学里当了十多年的TESOL(Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages),现在也是学校的writing center的老师。我满脑子a/an/the,就正好和她讨论。其间说到一个句子:
... because of the financial situation.
我问:为什么要用the呢?
她说——
首先,这是一个可数名词,没有用复数形式,而且不是术语,所以必须加冠词(即不能用零冠词)。然后,如果用a financial situation,这个句子严格来说是没有结束的,因为我用a的话,是向你传达一个意思:这个situation是你之前不知道的,我也没有提到过的,现在我要告诉你了,这个situation是这个那个……所以如果不接完,就显得非常奇怪。最后,如果这确实是个新situation,但我并不准备告诉你具体是个什么situation,那怎么说呢?就应该说:...because of a CERTAIN financial situation.
我又问:那用the怎么就行了呢?这又不是在指代整个situation类属里的全部,也不是我们之前提到的某个特定situation呀。
她说——
因为在我们谈话的这个语境中,其实是有从句被省略了的,我们想表达的完整句子其实是:...because of the financial situation that we've been facing for years. 说话者默认双方都知道这是个特定化的事物(见第7条),只是没有说出来而已,所以仍然要用the。
(以下from启德张老师: 雅思写作语法--从冠词和单复数说起)
名词,可以分为“可数名词”与“不可数名词”两种。
如果是可数名词,可首先考虑使用复数形式。例如:Today many students use computers to do homework.
其次,如果语境是想表达一个,并且任何一个都可以,则用不定冠词 a 或 an。例如:Many parents choose to buy a computer as a birthday gift for their children.
如果语境是想表达特定的那一个,则用不定冠词 the。例如:You can use the computer in the sitting room to surf the Internet.
切记,可数名词一般不能“裸奔”,要有冠词或者用复数形式。例如This policy has positive effect on companies这样的句子就是错误的,因为effect是可数名词,这里出现了“裸奔”的情况。可以改成:This policy has a positive effect on companies. 或This policy has positive effects on companies.
需要注意的是,可数名词有时会出现在介词后面,有可能是词组搭配,此时该名词前不需要加冠词。例如:at university/schoolby car等等。
另外,可数名词复数的前面通常不需要加定冠词,除非是特指。有些小“烤鸭”们喜欢这样做,觉得冠词和复数都用上,就能“万无一失”,实则是很有问题的。例如:Learning can be personalised to help the students.这个句子里的the students就是不恰当的,因为这里所说的学生并非特指哪一些学生。可以改成:Learning can be personalised to help students.或Learning can be personalised to help the students with learning difficulties.改正的第二个句子里的students因为后面有了介词短语做修饰,指那些“有学习障碍的学生”,是特指,因此前面加上定冠词the才比较准确。
说完了可数名词的情况,我们再来看看不可数名词是怎样的呢?
首先,不可数名词不用复数形式。例如句子Some young people can receive trainings就是错的,因为training是不可数名词,应改为Some young people can receive training.
其次,不可数名词不加不定冠词 a 或 an。例如句子It is difficult to find a full-time employment就是不对的,因为employment是不可数名词,应改为It is difficult to find full-time employment或It is difficult to find a full-time job,job是可数名词,前面可以加不定冠词a。
最后,不可数名词一般不用定冠词 the。例如句子We can acquire the knowledge by reading books,这句话里的knowledge并不特指是哪些知识,什么知识,所以不用加the来特指,可以改为We can acquire knowledge by reading books. 当然,如果特指是什么knowledge,可以在前面加定冠词the,例如:We can acquire the knowledge about history by reading books.
(以下from美伦论文网: 医学论文写作冠词使用解析)
在英文论文写作中,冠词的使用特别讲究,我们必须根据英语的习惯加上必要的冠词,例如:新术式对防止术后腰痛有积极的作用(The new surgical procedure plays a positive role in the prevention of postoperative back pain)。本文例举英语医学论文中冠词的一些习惯用法,供医学专业的留学生们参考。
1.器官、组织和解剖部位名称
器官、组织和解剖部位名称的单数形式前一般要用定冠词: the mall intestine(小肠),the adrenal gland(肾上腺),the internal thoracic artery(胸廓动脉),the dentate line(齿状线),the diaphragmatic surface of the liver(肝膈面),the urinary system(泌尿系统)。这类名称并列出现时,可以只保留第一个而省略其他的定冠词:the heart, (the) lung and (the) kidney。
2.疾病名称
疾病名称前一般不用冠词: biliary fistula,adenoma(瘤),groinhernia(腹股沟疝),intestinal obstruction(肠梗阻)。Syndrome一词与专有名词合用时不用冠词:Cushing's syndrome(柯兴氏综合征),与非专有名词合用时习惯上要用定冠词: the adrenal cortical syndrome(肾上腺皮质综合征)。
3.手术名称
手术名称前一般不用冠词: hysterectomy(子宫切除术),laparoscopy(腹腔镜术),liver transplant(肝脏移植),urinary diversion(尿路分流术).
有approach、technique、method等表示技术方法的单词的词组前习惯上要用冠词the或a/an:(1)the transsphenoidal approach(经蝶手术径路),the immunohistochemical technique(免疫组化技术),the sequence-based-typing method(直接测序法);(2)a modified approach(一种改良径路),a new technique(一种新技术),a relatively simple and convenient method(一种相对简便的方法)。
4.药物名称
药物名称前不用冠词: gentamicin(庆大霉素),dicynone(止血敏),cephalosporin(先锋霉素),cyclosporinA (环孢素A)。
5.缩略词
缩略词前一般不用冠词:GERD(gastroesophageal reflux disease胃食管返流病),LapUS(laparoscopic ultrosonography腹腔镜超声技术),CHPS(congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄),FNAB(fine needle aspiration biopsy细针抽吸活检)。
6.序数词和基数词
含序数词的词组前要用定冠词,而名词加基数词的词组前则不用任何冠词:(1)the first group,the first stage,the first step, the first 2 weeks,the first costae;(2)Group 1,Stage 1,Step 1, Table 1,Figure 1。
7.重复出现的名词
研究对象或方法第一次出现在摘要或论文中时,视其单复数形式或是否可数名词等情况采用不定冠词或不用任何冠词,再次或重复出现时要用定冠词修饰:
(1)A patient with olfactory groove meningioma received microsurgical treatment. … Follow-up studies showed that the patient recovered well
(2)Nineteen patients underwent the modified Madigan prostatectomy. … Of the 19 cases,17 showed no complications.
(3)Microsurgery was performed on 12 patients.… After the operation, improvement was observed in 10.
8.标题中的研究对象
英文中可数名词泛指一般事物有三种方法:加定冠词the,加不定冠词a/an或使用复数。以下论文标题中rat既无冠词又无复数s的用法是错误的:Effect of somatostatin on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rat(生长抑素对大鼠部分肝切除后肝再生的影响)。研究对象出现在标题中时,为了达到简洁的目的,最好采用不加冠词的名词复数形式: for cancer patients,in rabbits。
9.论文作者单位
论文作者的单位(科室、院系、附属医院、大专院校、研究机构等)名称前的定冠词可以省略,以求简洁,并且同一期刊应采用统一的用法: (the) Department of General Surgery, (the) Fourth Military Medical University, (the) Institute of Cancer Research。
以专有名词命名的单位名称前不用冠词: Sun Yet-sen University of Medical Sciences,Bethune International Peace Hospital,Hunan Children's Hospital。
对于医学专业的留学生们来说,要掌握好英语冠词的用法,比较可行的办法是在了解英语冠词基本用法的基础上,多阅读英语医学文献。如果实在拿不准,可以将各种情况加引号在google学术中搜索,看哪种情况返回的结果多,在搜索时可以指定特别的期刊,如Nature、BMJ、Lancet等,这样结果更加准确。
Motherly love by its very nature is unconditional. Mother loves the newborn infant because it is her child, not because the child has fulfilled any specific condition, or lived up to any specific expectation.Unconditional love corresponds in one of 'the deepest longings, not only of the child, but of every human beingon the other hand, to be loved because of one's merit, because one deserves it, always leaves doubt: maybe I did not please the person whom I want to love me, maybe this or that--there is always a fear that love could disappear. Furthermore, "deserved" love easily leaves a bitter feeling that one is not loved for oneself, that one is loved only because one pleases, that one is, in the last analysis, not loved at all but used. No wonder that we all cling to the longing for motherly love, as children and also as adults.The relationship to father is quite different. Mother is the
home we come from, she is nature, soil, the oceanfather does not represent any such natural home. He has little connection with the child in the first years of his life, and his importance for the child in this early period cannot be compared with that of mother. But while father does not represent thenatural world, he represents the other pole of human existencethe world of thought, of man-made things, of law and order, of discipline, of travel and adventure. Father is the one who teaches the child, who shows him the road into the world. Fatherly love is conditional love. Its principle is "1 love you because you fulfill my expectations, because you do your duty, because you are like me." In conditional fatherly love we find, as with unconditional motherly love, a negative and a positive aspect. The negative aspect is the very fact that fatherly love has to be deserved, that it can be lost if one does not do what is expected. The positive side is equally important. Since his love is conditional, I can do something to acquire it, I can work for ithis love is not outside of my control as motherly love is.
母爱和父爱
母爱的天性是无条件的。母亲爱她的新生婴儿,因为那是她的孩子,而不是因为这个小孩符合了什么特别的条件,也不是因为孩子达到了她的某种特别的期望。无条件的爱符合——不只是小孩子,而且是每个人最深切的渴望。另一方面,如果因为自己的优点,因为自己值得爱而被别人爱,我们总会心存疑虑:可能我没有使那个我希望他(她)爱我的人满意吧?可能这个,可能那个——总是害怕那份爱会消失。而且“值得的”爱很容易令人产生一种辛酸的感觉:似乎一个人不是因为自身而被爱,而是因为自己可以令别人高兴,令别人满足才被爱,似乎自己根本不是被爱而是被利用了。无怪乎我们全都依恋、渴望着母爱,不论小孩还是成年人都如此。
孩子同父亲的关系就完全不同了。母亲是我们的发源地,她是自然、是土壤、是海洋;父亲不代表任何这些自然的归宿。在孩子初生的前几年中,父亲和孩子接触很少。在此期间,对于孩子来说,父亲的重要性远远比不上母亲。但是,虽然父亲不代表这自然的世界,他却代表了人类存在的另一极——思想的世界、人造的世界、法律和秩序的世界、纪律的世界、旅行和冒险的世界。教育孩子的人是父亲,向孩子展示通向世界之路的人也是父亲。父爱是有条件的。它的原则是:“因为你达到了我的期望,因为你完成了你的职责,因为你像我,所以我爱你。”在有条件的父爱中,我们(像在无条件的母爱中一样)发现它既有消极的一面,又有积极的一面。消极的一面是父爱的给予只在你值得得到爱的条件下,而且如果你没有做到他所期望的事,你可能会失去这份爱。积极的一面也同样重要。既然他的爱是有条件的,我可以采取一些办法去获取它,我可以为之而努力;他的爱像母爱一样,并没有越出我的控制力。
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