经历过很多挫折和无奈，我觉得自己已经不再那么太在乎无关紧要的人了。那些人就是npc而已。呵呵

聪明的女人，越是不在乎这些无关紧要的琐事，女人最忌胡思乱想。

有的女人越活越高级，有的女人却生生把一把好牌打烂。就像林徽因和陆小曼，说起来陆小曼的出身还是很好的，家里富贵，父母宠爱，而林徽因只不过是个姨娘生的女儿，是什么让他们的人生走向如此不同？

现在很多人喜欢把自己的不幸、失败，归咎于自己的原生家庭，好像自己生来就是要这样失败，可是当你慢慢长大，你人生的高度，只在于你自己的想法作为。而越聪明的女人，越是不在乎这些无关紧要的琐事，女人最忌胡思乱想！

一：从不担心自己另一半没有钱

我们常说，女孩子要富养，有一个原因就是怕女生长大后，会被男人轻易的骗走，一点点甜头就以为得到了全世界，从来没有人对她这么好过。纠其原因还是女人要有钱，说话才有底气。

在其他乱七八糟的人说：你怎么三十岁还没有结婚的时候，你可以理直气壮的说：因为老娘有钱，包包衣服化妆品可以自己买，不需要男人养着。这种女人最是帅气，不用因为男人这个月多给少了一千几百而惴惴不安，胡思乱想，因为自己什么都有！

二：不怕自己会变老

现在总说岁月不败美人，也就是说真正的美人其实是经得起时间考验的，一个真正聪明的女人，也应该懂得所谓的美貌也不过是短暂的烟火，再怎么舍不得过个几年也不过是副会老的皮囊，然后你会发现，大街上的女孩子一个比一个年轻。

聪明的女人从来不会在脸上提心吊胆，只有努力的充实自己的内在，才是长久之计，毕竟很多的一见钟情，大都是见色起意。只有两个人经过认真深入的交往，才能知道是不是真的适合自己，而这些都需要丰富的内在去支撑。

三：不要担心别人说自己坏话

这世界上最管不住的就是别人的嘴，我们永远也无法去猜测和阻止别人要去说些什么。很多时候我们也总是担心会不会有人在背后说我们的闲话。

特别是女人，总是特别的不容易，有时候就是打扮得好看靓丽一点，也会被别人说成是太过招摇，是不是想勾引男人。如果时时刻刻在意别人怎么评价自己，怕是不用活了，毕竟自己只有一张嘴，别人可是有千千万万张嘴。

所以有些女人你觉得她很聪明，完全不受外界的困扰，是因为她从来不会在意没有价值的评论，和对自己无关的人也不放在心上，浪费时间。

人的时间精力都是有限的，女人要让自己过得好，最重要的是要有充足的底气，出身我们不能够决定，可是我们可以去决定自己以后过什么样的生活，和什么样的人在一起。

外界的评论也不见得是正确的，很多的闲言碎语说实话都无关紧要，如果别人多说一句，就开始自己一个人在想半天，那样子会把自己变得不堪重负。我们要做的就是把这些东西过滤掉，才能看得到对我们好的东西。

含有麝香的多了去了，65%的香水都含有麝香。

我可以明确地告诉你，这些就是复制的。不复制用手打大概要打上一整天吧。

单是名字含有麝香的仍未停产的就有这些了，你作好心理准备往下拉吧：

香水品 / 品牌

Blackberry Musk / A Zaftig

Muschio di Quercia & Oak Moss / AbdesSalaam Attar Profumo

Muschio Bianco & White Moss / Acca Kappa

Alyssa Ashley Men's Musk / Alyssa Ashley

Alyssa Ashley Musk / Alyssa Ashley

Alyssa Ashley White Musk / Alyssa Ashley

Musc Nomade / Annick Goutal

Cashmere Musk / Ava Luxe

Congo Musk / Ava Luxe

Egyptian Musk / Ava Luxe

Gardenia Musk / Ava Luxe

Incense Musk / Ava Luxe

Light Musk ( Musc Legere ) / Ava Luxe

Linen Musk / Ava Luxe

Musc Legere / Ava Luxe

Musk / Ava Luxe

Musk (Musc) / Ava Luxe

Oriental Musk / Ava Luxe

Pearl Musk / Ava Luxe

Tunisian Musk / Ava Luxe

Wild Blackberry Musk / Ava Luxe

Avon Musk for Men / Avon

Avon Soft Musk / Avon

Night Magic Evening Musk / Avon

Night Musk / Avon

Peach Soft Musk / Avon

Peony Soft Musk / Avon

Dragon's Musk / Black Phoenix Alchemy Lab

Fresh White Musk Fantasy / Body Fantasies

Japanese Musk / Body Shop

White Musk / Body Shop

White Musk Blush / Body Shop

White Musk for Men / Body Shop

White Musk White Hot Summer / Body Shop

Bonne Bell Skin Midnight Musk / Bonne Bell

Byblos Musk / byblos

Musc / Carrement Belle

White Musk / Chiara Boni

Cristal de Musc / Comptoir Sud Pacifique

Musc Alize / Comptoir Sud Pacifique

Wild Musk / Coty

Musk for Men / Coty

Vanilla Musk / Coty

Shanghaijava - Musc & Patchouli / Crazylibellule & The Poppies

Cyprès-Musc / Creed

Monsieur Musk / Dana

Musk / Dana

Denim Musk / Denim

Nile Musk / Dragonfly Blue

Musc et Freesia / ECoudray

Musc Ravageur / Editions de Parfums Frederic Malle

Musk / Etro

Extase Musk Man / Extase

Brut Musk / Fabergé

Index Grapefruit Musc / Fresh

Gammon Musk Motion / Gammon

Sandalwood Musk / Henri Bendel

Muschio Bello / I Profumi di Firenze

Musc Bleu / Il Profumo

Merely Musk / Impulse

Musk / Jalaine

Musk / Jalaine

Jervis Musk / Jervis

Jovan Heat Man - Hot Bod Musk / Jovan

Jovan Musk / Jovan

Jovan Musk for Men / Jovan

Jovan White Musk / Jovan

Musc / Keiko Mecheri

Kiehl's Original Musk / Kiehl's

Mûre et Musc / L'Artisan Parfumeur

Mûre et Musc Extrême / L'Artisan Parfumeur

I'm Free - Amber Musk / Laurence Dumont

Musc 25 / Le Labo

Musc Blanc / Les Bains Du Marais

Fleur Poudrée de Musc / Les Néréides

Musc de Java / Les Néréides

Lily Prune Cotton Musk / Lily Prune

Lily Prune Fruity Musk / Lily Prune

Tom Prune Lavender Musk / Lily Prune

Musk / Lorenzo Villoresi

White Musk / Lothantique

Solo Soprani Musk / Luciano Soprani

Black Musk / Madini

Musk Gazelle / Madini

Musk Pierre / Madini

White Musk / Madini

Fraîcheur Muskissime / Maître Parfumeur et Gantier

Rose Muskissime / Maître Parfumeur et Gantier

Sanguine Muskissime / Maître Parfumeur et Gantier

Synthesized Musk / Malin + Goetz

Royal Muska / Martine Micallef

Just Musk / Mayfair

Mazzolari Musk / Mazzolari

Musc / Meltiva

Musc / Molinard

Musc et Fruits / Molinard

White Musk / Monotheme

White Musk / Monotheme

Fruits of the Musk / Montale

Dew Musk / Montale

Ginger Musk / Montale

Musk to Musk / Montale

Roses Musk / Montale

White Musk / Montale

Nasomatto Silver Musk / Nasomatto

Blue Musk / O Boticário

Firdous Wild Musk / Oriscent

Musc Maori 04 / Parfumerie Generale

Fresh Blue Musk / Parfums de Coeur

Musk / Perlier

Pierre Cardin Musk / Pierre Cardin

Citrus Musk / Pinaud

Clubman Musk / Pinaud

Skin Musk ( Bonne Bell Skin Musk ) / Prince Matchabelli

Aviance Night Musk / Prince Matchabelli

Fresh White Musk / Prince Matchabelli

New Musk for Men / Prince Matchabelli

New Musk for Women / Prince Matchabelli

Musc / Réminiscence

Musk / Renée

Charlie White Musk / Revlon

Royal Copenhagen Musk / Royal Copenhagen

Royall Muske / Royall Lyme of Bermuda

Gold Musk / Santa Maria Novella

Muschio / Santa Maria Novella

Musk / Santa Maria Novella

Musc Blanc / Savonnerie de Villefranche

Musc Rouge / Savonnerie de Villefranche

African Musk / Scentsational of Huntington

Amber Musk / Scentsational of Huntington

Caribbean Musk / Scentsational of Huntington

China Musk / Scentsational of Huntington

Egyptian Musk / Scentsational of Huntington

Flower Musk / Scentsational of Huntington

Light Musk / Scentsational of Huntington

Magic Musk / Scentsational of Huntington

Moonlight Musk / Scentsational of Huntington

Musk 26 / Scentsational of Huntington

Musk 27 / Scentsational of Huntington

Nude Musk / Scentsational of Huntington

Tibetan Musk / Scentsational of Huntington

Vanilla Musk / Scentsational of Huntington

Sexy Musc / Sephora

Bois et Musc / Serge Lutens Les Salons du Palais Royal Shiseido

Clair de Musc / Serge Lutens Les Salons du Palais Royal Shiseido

Muscs Koublaï Khän / Serge Lutens Les Salons du Palais Royal Shiseido

Amber Musk / Shiara

Egyptian Musk / Sonoma Scent Studio

Rose Musc / Sonoma Scent Studio

Sienna Musk / Sonoma Scent Studio

Musc Botanique / Strange Invisible Perfumes

Vanilla Musk / Susanne Lang

China Musk / TerraNova

Blackberry & Vanilla Musk #9 / Trish McEvoy

Gardenia Musk #4 / Trish McEvoy

UDV Musk / Ulric de Varens

Cherry Musk / Un Monde Nouveau

Aqua Velva New Musk / Williams

以上不包括香水名字中没有出现“麝香”但是香味里面含有麝香的。那个列表三天三夜都做不完。

英语日常用品单词1

toweln毛巾, 手巾 v用毛巾擦干

toiletn厕所, 盥洗室 n梳洗;打扮

soap肥皂

laundry洗衣店, 洗衣, 要洗的衣服

detergentn洗洁剂,洗衣粉;去垢剂 n清洁剂

cleanser清洁工, 清洁剂

toothpaste牙膏

toothbrushn牙刷

mirrorn镜子 v映照;反射

brushn刷子;毛刷;画笔 vt刷, 擦, 掸, 掠过, 轻触

cosmetics化妆品,美容品lipstic口红，唇膏

compactn 梳妆粉盒, 合约条约 adj紧密的;坚实的

scentn香水 ,香味 v嗅出;闻到

hanger衣架, 挂钩

bottlen瓶子 n(婴儿)奶瓶;奶瓶里的奶(非母乳)

thermos热水瓶,保温瓶

canteenn炊具箱;家用餐具箱 n食堂;餐厅

lunch box饭盒

threadn线;棉线;毛线;丝线 n衣服

needlen针 vi缝纫

buttonn钮扣;扣子;按钮

zippern拉链 v拉上拉链

key钥匙, 键, 关键, 答案

flashlight手电筒, 闪光灯

torch英手电筒bulb电灯泡, 球状物lockn锁, 水闸, 牢牢紧握 v把…锁起来

battery电池;蓄电池

watchn手表, 看管, 监视 v小心;当心;留意;观看，注视，看守

wrist watch手表

sundries杂货, 杂物, 杂项

underwear内衣, 内衣裤

men's wear男服

women's wear女服

clothes衣服，服装;被褥

dry goods纺织品(如衣服、被单)

stationery文具, 信纸

camera照相机，摄像机

bedroom卧室,寝室

floor地板;地面

mopn拖把 或像拖把一样乱蓬蓬的东西

shelfn架子，搁板，货架

clock时钟, 计时器

alarm clock闹钟

umbrella伞;雨伞;阳伞

knapsack背包

handbag(女用)手提包

purse钱包;(女用)手提包

briefcase公文包

portfolio文件夹,卷宗夹;公事包

suitcase手提箱;衣箱

trunk大箱子;大衣箱

magnifying glass放大镜, 放大器

hotwater bottle热水袋

lightern打火机 n点火者

jewelry美(总称)珠宝;首饰

jewels珠宝

antiquen古物, 古董 adj古老的;古董的

ornaments装饰物

ring戒指;指环

necklace项链，项圈

brooch胸针, 领针

pendantn垂饰，下垂物(项链上的)垂饰，饰坠

braceletn手镯;手链;臂镯

chain链子;链条;锁链

ear ring耳环

trinket小装饰品;不值钱的珠宝

diamond金刚石;钻石

pearl珍珠

imitationn仿制品;赝品 n模仿;效仿

genuinea真正的 adj真的;名副其实的，真诚的，可信赖的

cradle摇篮faken假货;赝品 adj冒充的;伪造的 vt伪造, 伪装

diapern美尿布

napkinn英尿布 n餐巾, 餐巾纸, 尿布, 月经带

feeding bottle奶瓶

teat奶嘴,乳头

perambulatorn 婴儿车 n巡视者,步行者;漫游者

babywalker儿童学步车

rockinghorse摇马

scootern小型摩托车 n(儿童)滑板车

razor剃刀;剃须刀

razor blade(尤指可更换的)剃须刀刀片

combn梳子，梳理(头发)

drier干燥机,烘干机

hair drier吹风机

cleaning product洗涤用品

productn产品;制品 n乘积;积

domestic家用的;家庭的;家务的

articlen物品，商品

artiklDomestic article家庭用品

refrigerator冰箱,冷冻机,冷藏库

automatic rice cooker电饭锅

cooker炊具, 炉灶oven烤箱，烤炉，灶

toweln手巾, 毛巾

apron围裙

tableware餐具

platen盘子;碟子 n一道主菜

英语日常用品单词2

厨房

refrigerator 冰箱

automatic rice cooker 电饭锅

steamer 蒸锅

oven 烤箱

grill 烧烤架

toaster 烤面包机

egg beater 打蛋器

ice crusher 刨冰机

food processor 食品加工机

paper towel 纸巾

apron 围裙

tableware 餐具

plate 盘子

dish 碟子

bowl 碗

cupboard 碗橱

dining table 餐桌

larder 食品柜

dropleaf table 可以折叠边缘的桌子

chopping board 案板

cutlery tray 装餐具的容器

卫生间

bathroom 浴室，厕所

flushing system 冲水系统

flush toilet 抽水马桶

flush pipe 冲水管

foul drainage system 排污水系统

drainage 排水道

ventilation shaft/pipe 通风管道

toilet seat 马桶坐圈

toilet lid 马桶盖

squatting pot 蹲式马桶

urinal 小便池

toilet paper/tissue 卫生纸

toilet brush 马桶刷

卧室

blanket 毛毯

cushion 垫子

quilt 被子

cotton terry blanket 毛巾被

feather quilt 羽绒被

cotton quilt 棉被

bedding 床上用品

mosquito net 蚊帐

pillow 枕头

bolster 长枕

pillow case 枕套

tick 褥子

carpet 地毯 (一般指大的整块的，铺房间的那种)

rug 地毯(一般指小块的，放在沙发等边上的那种)

bed frame/bed base 床架

headboard 床头板

sofa bed 沙发床

folding guest bed 折叠床

loftbed frame 架在空中的床(下面可放沙发、桌子等)

bunkbed frame 上下铺的床

slatted bed base 板条床

sprung base 弹簧床

bedspread 床罩

sheet 床单

mat 席子

mattress 床垫 (厚的那种)

mattress pad 床垫 (薄的那种)

bed canopy 支在床上的篷子 (一般用于儿童床上的装饰)

bedside table 床头柜

浴室

bathtub 浴缸

hand shower 手握式淋浴器

shower nozzle 喷头

tap faucet 水龙头

plastic curtain 防水浴帘

shower cap 浴帽

bath slipper 洗澡用拖鞋

bath mat 防滑垫

towel hanger/holder 毛巾架

towel ring 毛巾环

bath towel 浴巾

soap stand 肥皂盒

comb 梳子

soap 肥皂

shampoo 洗发露

conditioner 护发素

dryer 吹风机

razor 刮胡刀

toothpaste 牙膏

toothbrush 牙刷

桌椅

tea table 茶几

coffee table 咖啡台

smoking set 烟具

ashtray 烟灰缸

thermos bottle/vacuum bottle 热水瓶

door knob 门把手

safety door hook 安全门钩

corridor 走廊

elevator 升降电梯

escalator 滚梯

rocking chair 摇椅

hanging seat 吊椅

swivel armchair 旋转扶椅

footstool 凳子

chaise longue 躺椅

folding chair 折叠椅

柜子,架子

wardrobe 衣柜

cloth rail 挂衣服的栏杆

hook 钩子

wall shelf 装在墙上放东西的'架子

bracket 墙上突出之托架

magazine file 装杂志等的架子

shoe cabinet/storage 鞋柜

wall cabinet 壁橱

hook rack 挂钩架

TV bench 电视柜

bookcase 书架

braked castor 装在家具脚上方便推行的轮子(如：storageunit on castors)10drawer chest 十个抽屉的储存柜

电器

dish drainer 晾干餐具的容器(类似铁丝筐)

table cloth 桌布

laundry bag 洗衣袋

pail 洗衣桶

ironing board 烫衣板

steam and dry iron 蒸汽电熨斗

electric iron 电熨斗

laundry drier 烘干机

spindrier 旋转式脱水机

washing machine 洗衣机

radiator 暖气片

electric fan 电扇

stand fan 落地电扇

oscillating fan 摇头电扇

bed light/bed lamp 床头灯

fluorescent lamp 日光灯

ceiling lamp/pendant lamp 吊灯

desk/table lamp 台灯

wall light 壁灯

floor lamp 落地灯

chandelier 枝状吊灯

flashlight/eletric torch 手电筒

杂物

water gauge 水表

plug 插头

outlet/receptacle 插座

paste 浆糊

glue 胶水

adhesive tape 胶条

packing paper 包装纸

string 绳子

carpenter 木工

electrician 电工

utility man 杂务工

plumber 管道工

painter 油漆工

vacuum hose holder 吸尘器管子的托架

watering can 浇水壶

英语日常用品单词3

apple苹果 apple core苹果核 apple juice苹果汁 apple skin苹果皮

apricot杏子 apricot flesh杏肉 apricot pit杏核 areca nut槟榔子

banana香蕉 banana skin香蕉皮 bargain price廉价 beechnut山毛榉坚果

Beijing flowering crab海棠果 bitter苦的 bitterness苦味 bitter orange酸橙

blackberry黑莓 canned fruit罐头水果 carambola杨桃 cherry樱桃

cherry pit樱桃核 cherry pulp樱桃肉 hawthorn山楂 hazel榛子

chestnut栗子 Chinese chestnut板栗 Chinese date枣 date pit枣核

Chinese gooseberry猕猴桃 Chinese walnut山核桃

coconut椰子 coconut milk椰奶 coconut water椰子汁 cold storage冷藏

cold store冷藏库 crisp脆的 cumquat金桔 damson plum西洋李子

Dangshan pear砀山梨 decayed fruit烂果 downy pitch毛桃 dry fruit干果

duke公爵樱桃 earlymaturing早熟的 fig无花果 filbert榛子

first class一等地，甲等的 flat peach蟠桃 flavour味道

flesh果肉 flesh fruit肉质果 fresh新鲜的 fresh litchi鲜荔枝

fruiterer水果商 fruit in bags袋装水果 fruit knife水果刀

fruits of the season应时水果 greengage青梅 Hami melon哈密瓜 Hard坚硬的

gingko白果，银杏 give full weigh分量准足 give short weight短斤缺两

grape葡萄 grape juice葡萄汁 grape skin葡萄皮 grapestone葡萄核

haw山楂果 honey peach水蜜桃juicy peach水蜜桃 in season应时的

juicy多汁的 jujube枣 kernel仁 kumquat金桔 latematuring晚熟的 lemon柠檬

litchi荔枝 litchi rind荔枝皮 longan桂圆，龙眼 longan pulp桂圆肉，龙眼肉

loguat枇杷 mandarine柑桔 mango芒果 mature成熟的 almond杏仁

morello黑樱桃 muskmelon香瓜，甜瓜 navel orange脐橙 nut坚果

nut meat坚果仁 nut shell坚果壳 oleaster沙枣 olive橄榄

orange柑桔 orange peel柑桔皮 papaya木瓜 peach桃子 pear梨

perishable易腐烂的 pineapple菠萝 plum李子 plumcot李杏

pomegranate石榴 pomelo柚子，文旦 red bayberry杨梅 reduced price处理价

ripe成熟的 rotten fruit烂果 water chestnut荸荠 watermelon西瓜

seasonable应时的 seedless orange无核桔 specialgrade特级的 strawberry草莓

sultana无核小葡萄 superfine特级的 tangerine柑桔 tart酸的 tender嫩的

tinned fruit罐头水果 unripe未成熟的 walnut胡桃，核桃 walnut kernel核桃仁

英语日常用品单词4

一、人体(body)

foot脚 head头 face脸 nose鼻子mouth嘴 eye眼睛 ear耳朵 arm手臂 hand手 finger手指leg腿 tail尾巴

二、颜色(colours)

red红 blue蓝 yellow黄 green绿 white白black黑 purple紫 orange橙 brown棕

三、学习用品 (school things)

pen钢笔 pencil铅笔 pencilcase铅笔盒 ruler尺子 book书 bag包

comic book漫画书 post card明信片 newspaper报纸schoolbag书包 eraser橡皮 crayon蜡笔 sharpener卷笔刀storybook故事书 notebook笔记本Chinese book语文书 English book英语书 math book数学书magazine杂志 dictionary词典

四、动物(animals)

cat猫 dog狗 pig猪 duck鸭 rabbit兔 horse马elephant大象 ant蚂蚁 fish鱼 bird鸟 eagle鹰 beaver海狸snake蛇 mouse老鼠 squirrel松鼠 kangaroo袋鼠 monkey猴 panda熊猫bear熊 lion狮子 tiger老虎 fox狐狸 zebra斑马 deer鹿 giraffe长颈鹿 goose鹅hen母鸡 turkey火鸡 lamb小羊 sheep绵羊 goat山羊 cow奶牛 donkey驴 squid鱿鱼lobster龙虾 shark鲨鱼 seal海豹 sperm whale抹香鲸 killer whale虎鲸

五、人物(people)

friend朋友 boy男孩 girl女孩 mother母亲 father父亲sister姐妹 brother兄弟 uncle叔叔;舅舅

man男人 woman女人 Mr先生 Miss** lady女士; mom妈妈 dad爸爸 parents父母grandparents祖父母grandma/grandmother(外)祖母grandpa/grandfather(外)祖父aunt姑姑 cousin堂(表)兄弟;堂(表)姐妹son儿子 daughter女儿 baby婴儿 kid小孩classmate同学 queen女王 visitor参观者 neighbour邻居principal校长 university student大学生pen pal笔友 tourist旅行者people人物robot机器人

六、食品、饮料(food & drink)

rice米饭 bread面包 beef牛肉 milk牛奶 water水 egg蛋fish鱼 tofu豆腐cake蛋糕hot dog热狗 hamburger汉堡包 French fries炸薯条cookie曲奇 biscuit饼干 jam果酱noodles面条meat肉 chicken鸡肉 pork猪肉 mutton羊肉vegetable蔬菜 salad沙拉 soup汤ice冰 icecream冰淇淋Coke可乐 juice果汁 tea茶 coffee咖啡breakfast早餐 lunch午餐 dinner/supper晚餐 meal一餐

七、职业(jobs)

teacher教师 student学生 doctor医生 nurse护士 driver司机 farmer农民singer歌唱家 writer作家 actor男演员 actress女演员 artist画家TV reporter电视台记者 engineer工程师 accountant会计policeman(男)警察salesperson销售员 cleaner清洁工baseball player棒球运动员 assistant售货员police警察

八、水果、蔬菜 (fruit& vegetables)

apple苹果 banana香蕉 pear梨 orange橙 watermelon西瓜grape葡萄 eggplant茄子 green beans青豆 tomato西红柿potato土豆 peach桃 strawberry草莓cucumber黄瓜 onion洋葱 carrot胡萝卜 cabbage卷心菜

九、衣服(clothes)

jacket夹克衫 shirt衬衫 Tshirt丅恤衫skirt短裙子 dress连衣裙jeans牛仔裤 pants长裤 socks袜子 shoes鞋子sweater毛衣 coat上衣raincoat雨衣shorts短裤sneakers网球鞋 slippers拖鞋 sandals凉鞋 boots靴子hat(有沿的)帽子 cap便帽 sunglasses太阳镜 tie领带 scarf围巾gloves手套 trousers裤子 cloth布

十、交通工具 (vehicles)

bike自行车 bus公共汽车 train火车 boat小船 ship轮船 yacht快艇car小汽车 taxi出租车 jeep吉普车 van小货车; plane/airplane飞机 subway / underground 地铁 motor cycle摩托车

Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and living spaces a pleasant smell The amount and type of solvent mix with the fragrance oil dictates whether a perfume is considered a perfume extract, Eau de parfum, Eau de toilette, or Eau de Cologne

It is impossible to describe a perfume according to its components because the formulas are kept secret Even if the formulas are known, the ingredients are often too numerous to provide a useful classification Cognoscenti can, however, generally get a handle on the principal ingredients On the other hand, it is possible to group perfumes into olfactive families and describe them through the notes that appear as they slowly evaporate Perfumes can also be classified according to their concentration [1][2] [3]

[edit] Olfactive families

Fragrances can be classified into several olfactive families, by the themes, or accords, of these fragrances

Floral: Fragrances that are dominated by the scent of one or more types of flowers When only one flower is used, it is called a soliflore (as in Dior's Diorissimo, with lily of the valley)

Chypre: Fragrances built on a similar accord consisting of bergamot, oakmoss, pachouli, and labdanum This family of fragrances is named after a perfume by François Coty by the same name Meaning Cyprus in French, the term alludes to the inspiration behind the original creation

Aldehydic: Fragrances that incorporate the family of chemicals known as aldehydes Chanel No 5 was the first aldehydic perfume (created by the French perfumer Ernest Beaux in 1921) Others include Je Reviens and Arpege Aldehydic perfumes have the characteristic "piquant" note produced by materials like Aldehyde C12 MNA

Fougère: Fragrances built on a base of lavender, coumarin and oakmoss This fragrance family is named after Houbigant's Fougère Royale, which pioneered the use of this base Many men's fragrances belong to this family of fragrances, which is characterized by its sharp herbaceous and woody scent

Leather: A family of fragrances which features the scents honey, tobacco, wood, and wood tars in its middle or base notes and a scent that alludes to leather

Woody: Fragrances that are dominated by the woody scents, typically of sandalwood and cedar Patchouli, with its camphoraceous smell, is commonly found in these perfumes

Orientals or ambers: A large fragrance class featuring the scents of vanilla and animal scents together with flowers and woods Can be enhanced by camphorous oils and incense resins, which bring to mind Victorian era imagery of the Middle East and Far East

Citrus: An old fragrance family that until recently consisted mainly of "freshening" eau de colognes due to the low tenacity of citrus scents Development of newer fragrance compounds has allowed for the creation of primarily citrus fragrances

[edit] Fragrance notes

A mixture of alcohol and water is used as the solvent for the aromatics On application, body heat causes the solvent to quickly disperse, leaving the fragrance to evaporate gradually over several hours The rate of evaporation (vapor pressure) and the odor strength of the compound partly determine the tenacity of the compound and determine its perfume note classification

Top notes: Scents that are perceived immediately on application of a perfume Top notes create the scents that form a person's initial impression of a perfume Because of this, they are very important in the selling of a perfume The scents of this note class are usually described as "fresh," "assertive" or "sharp" The compounds that contribute to top notes are strong in scent, very volatile, and evaporate quickly Citrus and ginger scents are common top notes

Heart notes or Middle notes: The scent of a perfume that emerges after the top notes dissipate The heart note compounds form the "heart" or main body of a perfume and act to mask the often unpleasant initial impression of base notes, which become more pleasant with time Not surprisingly, the scent of heart note compounds is usually more mellow and "rounded" Scents from this note class appear anywhere from 2 minutes to 1 hour after the application of a perfume Lavender and rose scents are typical heart notes Top notes and heart notes are sometimes described together as Head notes

Base notes: The scent of a perfume that appears after the departure of the top notes The base and middle notes together are the main theme of a perfume Base notes bring depth and solidness to a perfume Compounds of this class are often the fixatives used to hold and boost the strength of the lighter top and heart notes The compounds of this class of scents are typically rich and "deep" and are usually not perceived until 30 minutes after the application of the perfume or during the period of perfume dry-down Musk, vetiver and scents of plant resins are commonly used as base notes

[edit] Concentration and composition

Perfumes oils, or the "juice" of perfume composition, are diluted with a suitable solvent to make the perfume more usable This is done because undiluted oils (natural or synthetic) contain high concentrations of volatile components that will likely result in allergic reactions and possibly injury when applied directly to skin or clothing

Although dilutions of the perfume oil can be done using solvents such as jojoba, fractionated coconut oil, and wax, the most common solvents for perfume oil dilution is ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and water The percent of perfume oil by volume in a perfume is listed as follows:

Perfume extract: 20%-40% aromatic compounds

Eau de parfum: 10-30% aromatic compounds

Eau de toilette: 5-20% aromatic compounds

Eau de cologne: 2-3% aromatic compounds

As the percentage of aromatic compounds decreases, the intensity and longevity of the scent decrease It should be noted that different perfumeries or perfume houses assign different amounts of oils to each of their perfumes As such, although the oil concentration of a perfume in eau de parfum (EDP) dilution will necessarily be higher than the same perfume in eau de toilette (EDT) form, the same trends may not necessarily apply to different perfume compositions much less across different perfume houses

Furthermore, some fragrances with the same product name but having a different concentration name may not only differ in their dillutions, but actually use different perfume oil mixtures altogether For instance, in order to make the EDT version of a fragrance brighter and fresher than its EDP, the EDT oil may be "tweaked" to contain slightly more top notes or less base notes In some cases, words such as "extrême" or "concentrée" appended to frangrance names might indicate completely different frangrances that relates only because of a similar perfume accord An instance to this would be Chanel‘s Pour Monsieur and Pour Monsieur Concentrée

[edit] Natural and synthetic aromatics

[edit] Plant sources

Plants have long been used in perfumery as a source of essential oils and aroma compounds These aromatics are usually secondary metabolites produced by plants as protection against herbivores, infections, as well as to attract pollinators Plants are by far the largest source of fragrant compounds used in perfumery The sources of these compounds may be derived from various parts of a plant A plant can offer more than one source of aromatics, for instance the aerial portions and seeds of coriander have remarkably different odors from each other Orange leaves, blossoms, and fruit zest are the respective sources of petit grain, neroli, and orange oils

Flowers and blossoms: Undoubtedly the largest source of aromatics Includes the flowers of several species of rose and jasmine, as well as osmanthus, mimosa, tuberose, as well as the blossoms of citrus and ylang-ylang trees Although not traditionally thought of as a flower, the unopened flower buds of the clove are also commonly used Orchid flowers are not commercially used to produce essential oils or absolutes, except in the case of vanilla, an orchid, which must be pollinated first and made into seed pods before use in perfumery

Leaves and twigs: Commonly used for perfumery are lavender leaf, patchouli, sage, violets, rosemary, and citrus leaves Sometimes leaves are valued for the "green" smell they bring to perfumes, examples of this include hay and tomato leaf

Roots, rhizomes and bulbs: Commonly used terrestrial portions in perfumery include iris rhizomes, vetiver roots, various rhizomes of the ginger family

Seeds: Commonly used seeds include tonka bean, coriander, caraway, cocoa, nutmeg, mace, cardamom, and anise

Fruits: Fresh fruits such as apples, strawberries, cherries unfortunately do not yield the expected odors when extracted; if such fragrance notes are found in a perfume, they are synthetic Notable exceptions include litsea cubeba, vanilla, and juniper berry The most commonly used fruits yield their aromatics from the rind; they include citrus such as oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruit

Woods: Highly important in providing the base notes to a perfume, wood oils and distillates are indispensable in perfumery Commonly used woods include sandalwood, rosewood, agarwood, birch, cedar, juniper, and pine

Bark: Commonly used barks includes cinnamon and cascarilla The fragrant oil in sassafras root bark is also used either directly or purified for its main constituent, safrole, which is used in the synthesis of other fragrant compounds such as helional

Resins: Valued since antiquity, resins have been widely used in incense and perfumery Highly fragrant and antiseptic resins and resin-containing perfumes have been used by many cultures as medicines for a large variety of ailments Commonly used resins in perfumery include labdanum, frankincense/olibanum, myrrh, Peru balsam, gum benzoin Pine and fir resins are a particularly valued source of terpenes used in the organic synthesis of many other synthetic or naturally occurring aromatic compounds Some of what is called amber and copal in perfumery today is the resinous secretion of fossil conifers

Lichens: Commonly used lichen includes oakmoss and treemoss thalli

[edit] Animal sources

Musk: Originally derived from the musk sacs from the Asian musk deer, it has now been replaced by the use of synthetic musks due to its price and ethical issues

Civet: Also called Civet Musk, this is obtained from the odorous sacs of the civets, animals in the family Viverridae, related to the Mongoose

Castoreum: Obtained from the odorous sacs of the North American beaver

Ambergris: Lumps of oxidized fatty compounds, whose precursors were secreted and expelled by the Sperm Whale Ambergris is commonly referred as "amber" in perfumery and should not be confused with yellow amber, which is used in jewelry

Honeycomb: Distilled from the honeycomb of the Honeybee

[edit] Synthetic sources

Synthetic aromatics are created through organic synthesis from various chemical compounds that are obtained from petroleum distillates, pine resins, or other relatively cheap organic feedstock Synthetics can provide fragrances which are not found in nature For instance, Calone, a compound of synthetic origin, imparts a fresh ozonous metallic marine scent that is widely used in contemporary perfumes Synthetic aromatics are often used as an alternate source of compounds that are not easily obtained from natural sources For example, linalool and coumarin are both naturally occurring compounds that can be cheaply synthesized from terpenes Orchid scents (typically salicylates) are usually not obtained directly from the plant itself but are instead synthetically created to match the fragrant compounds found in various orchids

The majority of the world's synthetic aromatics are created by relatively few companies They include:

International Flavors and Fragrances (IFF)

Givaudan

Firmenich

Quest International

Takasago

Symrise

Mane SA

CPL

Each of these companies patent several processes for the production of aromatic synthetics annually

See Aroma compound

[edit] Obtaining natural odorants

Main article: Extraction (fragrance)

Before perfumes can be composed, the odorants used in various perfume compositions must first be obtained Synthetic odorants are produced through organic synthesis and purified Odorants from natural sources require the use of various methods to extract the aromatics from the raw materials The results of the extraction are either essential oils, absolutes, concretes, or butters, depending on the amount of waxes in the extracted product [4]

All these techniques will to a certain extent, distort the odour of the aromatic compounds obtained from the raw materials This is due to the use of heat, harsh solvents, or through exposure to oxygen in the extraction process which will denature the aromatic compounds, which either change their odour character or renders them odourless

Maceration/Solvent extraction: The most used and economically important technique for extracting aromatics in the modern perfume industry Raw materials are submerged in a solvent that can dissolve the desired aromatic compounds Maceration lasts anywhere from hours to months Fragrant compounds for woody and fibrous plant materials are often obtained in this manner as are all aromatics from animal sources The technique can also be used to extract odorants that are too volatile for distillation or easily denatured by heat Commonly used solvents for maceration/solvent extraction include hexane, and dimethyl ether The product of this process is called a "concrete"

Supercritical fluid extraction: A relatively new technique for extracting fragrant compounds from a raw material, which often employ Supercritical CO2 Due to the low heat of process and the relatively unreactive solvent used in the extraction, the fragrant compounds derived often closely resemble the original odour of the raw material

Ethanol extraction: A type of solvent extraction used to extract fragrant compounds directly from dry raw materials, as well as the impure oily compounds materials resulting from solvent extraction or enfleurage Ethanol extraction is not used to extract fragrance from fresh plant materials since these contain large quantities of water, which will also be extracted into the ethanol

Distillation: A common technique for obtaining aromatic compounds from plants, such as orange blossoms and roses The raw material is heated and the fragrant compounds are re-collected through condensation of the distilled vapour

Steam distillation: Steam from boiling water is passed through the raw material, which drives out their volatile fragrant compounds The condensate from distillation are settled in a Florentine flask This allows for the easy separation of the fragrant oils from the water The water collected from the condensate, which retains some of the fragrant compounds and oils from the raw material is called hydrosol and sometimes sold This is most commonly used for fresh plant materials such as flowers, leaves, and stems

Dry/destructive distillation: The raw materials are directly heated in a still without a carrier solvent such as water Fragrant compounds that are released from the raw material by the high heat often undergo anhydrous pyrolysis, which results in the formation of different fragrant compounds, and thus different fragrant notes This method is used to obtain fragrant compounds from fossil amber and fragrant woods where an intentional "burned" or "toasted" odour is desired

Expression: Raw material is squeezed or compressed and the oils are collected Of all raw materials, only the fragrant oils from the peels of fruits in the citrus family are extracted in this manner since the oil is present in large enough quantities as to make this extraction method economically feasible

Enfleurage: Absorption of aroma materials into wax and then extracting the odorous oil with alcohol Extraction by enfleurage was commonly used when distillation was not possible due to the fact that some fragrant compounds denature through high heat This technique is not commonly used in the present day industry due to its prohibitive cost and the existence of more efficient and effective extraction methods [2]

[edit] Fragrant extracts

Although fragrant extracts are known to the general public as the generic term "essential oils", a more specific language is used in the fragrance industry to describe the source, purity, and technique used to obtain a particular fragrant extract

Of these extracts, only absolutes, essential oils, and tinctures are directly used to formulate perfumes

Absolute: Fragrant materials that are purified from a pommade or concrete by soaking them in ethanol By using a slightly hydrophilic compound such as ethanol, most of the fragrant compounds from the waxy source materials can be extracted without dissolving any of the fragrantless waxy molecules Absolutes are usually found in the form of an oily liquid

Concrete: Fragrant materials that have been extracted from raw materials through solvent extraction using volatile hydrocarbons Concretes usually contain a large amount of wax due to the ease in which the solvents dissolve various hydrophobic compounds As such concretes are usually further purified through distillation or ethanol based solvent extraction Concretes are typically either waxy or resinous solids or thick oily liquids

Essential oil: Fragrant materials that have been extracted from a source material directly through distillation or expression and obtained in the form of an oily liquid Oils extracted through expression are sometimes called expression oils

Pomade: A fragrant mass of solid fat created from the enfleurage process, in which odorous compounds in raw materials are adsorbed into animal fats Pommades are found in the form of an oily and sticky solid

Tincture: Fragrant materials produced by directly soaking and infusing raw materials in ethanol Tinctures are typically thin liquids [2]

[edit] Composing perfumes

Perfume compositions are an important part of many industries ranging from the luxury goods sectors, food services industries, to manufacturers of various household chemicals The purpose of using perfume or fragrance compositions in these industries is to affect customers through their sense of smell and entice them into purchasing the perfume or perfumed product As such there is significant interest in producing a perfume formulation that people will find aesthetically pleasing

[edit] The Perfumer

The job of composing perfumes that will sell is left up to an expert on perfume composition or known in the fragrance industry as the perfumer They are also sometimes referred to affectionately as "the Nose" due to their fine sense of smell and skill in smell composition The perfumer is effectively an artist who is trained in depth on the concepts of fragrance aesthetics and who is capable of conveying abstract concepts and moods with their fragrance compositions At the most rudimentary level, a perfumer must not only have a keen knowledge of a large variety of fragrance ingredients and their smells, and be able to distinguish each of the fragrance ingredients whether alone or in combination with other frangrances As well, they must know how each ingredient reveals itself through time with other ingredients The job of the perfumer is very similar to that of flavourists, who compose smells and flavourants for many commercial food products

The composition of a perfume typically begins with a brief by the perfumer's employer or an outside customer The customers to the perfumer or their employers, are typically fashi

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