关于电子商务环境下物流配送方面的英文文献

Needs analysis

System Target

Library management information system is a typical management information system (MIS), including the development of the main background of the establishment and maintenance of database and application development front-end aspects The former requirement for data consistency and integrity to build strong Good library of data security For applications which require full-featured and easy to use and so on

System development to achieve the overall task is to systematize all kinds of information, standardization and automation

Requirements definition

As a student of library management system requirements are:

1 According to a variety of ways (such as title, number, author) for the situation of the library collection

2 The ability to easily borrow books, renew books, the return of books

3 Be able to query their own data, the situation to borrow books

4 To familiarize themselves with the use of library management system

As librarians, their library management system requirements are:

1 To facilitate the entry of the registration books, write-off old books

2 To facilitate the registration of new students, or students who have graduated write-off information (basic information, loan information)

3 Can be released at any time such as the extended college students to borrow books, the Museum's collection, the use of information, etc, so that college students can be kept informed of some of our library information

Function Description

System analysis is the overall development of the system based on the completion of tasks The system needs to be done mainly in the function of Part 5:

A basic book of the entry, modify, delete and other basic operations

1 Standard categories of books, types of information input, including the type of number, category name, keyword, Remarks information

2 Type of information query book, modify, including the type of number, category name, keyword, Remarks information

3 Importation of books information, including the book number, book title, book type, author name, publishing the name, date of publication, book pages, keyword, date of registration, information, etc Note

B for a library card module

1 New Life for a library card

2 For the loss of library card

C library functions to achieve

1 Enter the library information, including library information number, study number, the reader name, book number, book name, date library, information, etc Note

2 Library information inquiries, changes of information, including library code, the reader ID, the reader name, book number, book name, date library, information, etc Note

D realization of the book also features

1 Enter the book information, including information code book, the reader ID, the reader name, book number, book name, date library, Date Book, Note information

2 Book of the query and modify information, including information on book number, study number, the reader name, book number, book name, date library, Date Book, Note information

E can make it easier to carry out inquiries on the books The case of extended automatically given message

Performance requirements

The accuracy, reliability, efficiency, integrity, easy to use, maintainability, test line, reusability, security, confidentiality, understandable, and portability, connectivity

Operational flow chart (as follows:)

Database design

1 Database Needs Analysis

A concrete manifestation of the needs of users in a variety of information, storage, update and query, which requires the database structure to fully meet a variety of output and input information Basic data collection, data structure to deal with the process, the composition of a detailed data dictionary for the specific design of the back to lay the groundwork

Books for the general demand for management information systems, library management through the contents of the working process and data flow analysis, design as shown in the following data items and data structures:

● the type of information the reader,

Attributes: the type of number, type the name of the number of library, library period, the expiry date Remarks

Primary key: the type of number

● reader information

Attributes: ID readers, and readers the names of the types of readers, readers of gender, work unit, home address, telephone number, e-mail address, date processing, Remarks

Primary key: the reader code

● books categories information

Attributes: type of number, category name, keyword, Remarks information

Primary Key: Type Number

● book information,

Attributes: number of books, book title, book type, author name, publishing the name, date of publication, book pages, keyword, date of registration, Remarks information

Primary key: number of books

● loan information,

Attribute: Lending information ID, the reader ID, the reader name, book number, book name, date library, Date Book, Note information

Primary Key: Loan Information Number

First, the system through the investigation and feasibility analysis, data flow diagram to draw the system:

Basic information input basic information input

D1 D2

Basic information input basic information input

D3 D4

D5

Lending Information Entry

Information the reader to return information back to books

Data Dictionary (Data Dictionary)

1, data flow, for example the DD table is as follows:

Data Flow

System name: library management code:

Entry Name: readers alias information:

Source: reader registration place: D3

Data flow structure:

Reader registration number + = (readers readers readers name + gender + work + )

A brief description:

Amend the record: the preparation of the date of

Audit Date

2, data elements, for example the DD table is as follows:

Data elements

System name: library management code

Entry name: reader ID alias

Data streams are: Registration of Storage readers Office: D3 readers information table

Data element value:

Code type: Character

Width: 10

The scope and meaning of values:

A brief description: Every reader has a unique ID

Amend the record: the preparation of the date of

Audit Date

3, data storage, for example the DD table is as follows:

Data Storage

System name: library management code: D4

Entry Name: Books table alias:

Storage organizations: the number of records: about 3000 the main keyword: number of books

The amount of data: about 500KB Des keywords:

Main Index by Number

Record consists of:

Field Name: ID books books books the author name Keywords

Width: 8 14 32 10

A brief description:

Amend the record: the preparation of: Date:

Audit: Date:

4, data processing, for example the DD table is as follows:

Data processing

System name: library management code:

Entry Name: Loan information alias entry:

Input: loan number, the reader ID Output: borrow the basic attributes of information table

Processing logic: dabase loan information is stored in a database table borrowinfo

A brief description: enter a reader's borrowing record books

Amend the record: the preparation of: Date:

Audit: Date:

2 The concept of the structural design of the database

This procedure, including the entities are as follows: Type of information entities readers, and readers of information entities, information entities, categories of books, books of information entities, information entities borrow

The relationship between entities E-R diagram

3 Logical structure of the database design

⑴ basic information table books

Book:

Field Name Data Type Field Description

ISBN bookid save text

Save the text of the title bookname

booktype text book type of preservation

Save the text save bookauthor author of the book

Save the text of the book bookpub Press

bookpubdate date / time to preserve the book's publication date

Digital Preservation bookpages book pages

text keyword bookkeyword

bookindate date / time storage time

whether the loan putup text

Remarks Remarks bookmemo

⑵ library card information form (the reader information table)

reader:

Field Name Data Type Field Description

Save the text readers readerno No

readername text) to preserve the names of the readers

readersex text) to preserve the reader sex

Save the text readers readertype categories

Save the text readers readerdep department

address preservation of the text addresses the reader

Phone text readers readertel Save

email text to preserve the reader's e-mail address

checkdate Date / Time Loan Date

Remarks Remarks readermemo

⑶ Lending Information Table

borrowinfo:

Field Name Data Type Field Description

Loan No borrowno save text

text reader readerid Save ID

Save the text readername borrow names

borrowdate Date / Time Save Loan Date

returndate date / time to preserve the date book

memo Remarks Remarks

Category ⑷ table books

booktype:

Field Name Data Type Field Description

Save the text books booktypeno words

Type the name of the text preserved typename

texdisk should be used RAID (RAID 01)

4 In order to preveaddress

Second, the server should be equipped with software

a) Operating System: Microsoft Windows 2000 server or Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced server

b) Database: Microsoft SQL Server 2000 (Simplified Chinese)

c) the server must use a specialized firewall and anti-virus software

d) In addition to running the procedure must be equipped with outside the recommendations of the server has nothing to do as much as possible not to install additional procedures, procedures to reduce the confusion or conflict in the accident process

e) each department as far as possible a unified operating system (Windows 9x series, or Windows 2000 series) Management software to avoid them because of the inconsistent versions of the operating system overhead caused by too much

f) each department must also install the machine anti-virus software and firewalls To prevent the worm on the network throughout the network within the scope of the spread

g) if you want to print more involved in field reports, should be

New Public Management : Contemporary Western trend of the new public administration

From the start of the 1970s, the West has dominated the field of public administration nearly a century and was regarded to be effective, even the best traditional or mainstream public administration, subjected to a new external environment increasingly tough challenges, and the almost routine, rigid-tier system can not meet the increasingly rapid changes in information and knowledge-intensive society and economic life, build on its two major theoretical basis -- Goodnow Wilson and the political-administrative theory and the two-layer management Huibaike no theory Law answered and solved the government faces an increasingly serious problems and difficulties : the financial crisis, the social welfare policy unsustainable, government agencies increasingly bloated, inefficient, the public lost confidence in the government's ability, "government failure" theory has begun to dominate

正是在这样的历史背景下，一种新的公共行政理论、管理模式——新公共管理（NewPublic Management）在80年代的英美两国应运而生，并迅速扩展到西方各国。It is in this historical backdrop, a new public administration theory, Management -- New Public Management (NewPublic Management) in the 1980s, the Anglo-American two crops, and the rapid expansion of the Western countries 与以往传统的公共行政框架内进行的变革不同，新公共管理不是对现存行政管理体制和方式进行某种程度的局部调整，或仅仅是为了降低行政管理的成本，减少行政费用开支，更重要的是，它是对传统的公共行政模式的一种全面清算和否定。And the number of traditional public administration within the framework of the changes, Public management is not new to the existing administrative structure and ways of some degree of partial adjustment or simply to lower administrative costs and reduce administrative expenses, but more importantly, It is the traditional model of public administration of a comprehensive settlement and denied

一、新公共管理的理论基础1, the new public management theory

如果说传统的公共行政以威尔逊、古德诺的政治—行政二分论和韦伯的科层制论为其理论支撑点的话，新公共管理则以现代经济学和私营企业管理理论和方法作为自己的理论基础。If the traditional public administration to Wilson Goodnow political-administrative theory and the two-Weber-tier system on the support of their theory, new public while management of modern economics and private enterprise management theory and methods as its theoretical basis 首先，新公共管理从现代经济学中获得诸多理论依据，如从“理性人”（人的理性都是为自己的利益，都希望以最小的付出获得最大利益）的假定中获得绩效管理的依据；从公共选择和交易成本理论中获得政府应以市场或顾客为导向，提高服务效率、质量和有效性的依据；从成本—效益分析中获得对政府绩效目标进行界定、测量和评估的依据等等。First, the new public management from modern economics has many theoretical basis, From the "rational" (the rational is for their own interests want to pay the smallest gain maximum benefits) of the premise is the basis for performance management; from the public choice theory and transaction cost which the government should be market-oriented or customers, improve the efficiency of services, the quality and effectiveness of the basis; from the cost-effectiveness analysis was to define the performance goals, Measurement and evaluation, and so on the basis 其次，新公共管理又从私营管理方法中汲取营养。Secondly, the new public management from the private management methods to absorb nutrients 新公共行政管理认为，私营部门许多管理方式和手段都可为公共部门所借用。The new public administration that many private sector management methods and means available to the public sector borrowing 如私营部门的组织形式能灵活地适应环境，而不是韦伯所说的僵化的科层制；对产出和结果的高度重视（对私营部门来说，产出就意味着利润，而在高度竞争的市场环境中，要获取利润就必须给顾客提供高质量的服务，同时尽可能地降低成本），而不是只管投入，不重产出；人事管理上实现灵活的合同雇佣制和绩效工资制，而不是一经录用，永久任职，等等。Such as the private sector, the organizational form of flexibility in adapting to the environment, and not Weber said the rigid hierarchy; outputs and outcomes of the high degree of importance (for the private sector, output means profits in a highly competitive market environment, we must make profits to provide customers with high-quality service, Meanwhile, as far as possible to reduce costs), rather than just input and output weight; personnel management to achieve a flexible system of employment contracts and performance pay system, rather than by hiring a permanent office, and so on 总之，新公共管理认为，那些已经和正在为私营部门所成功地运用着的管理方法，如绩效管理、目标管理、组织发展、人力资源开发等并非为私营部门所独有，它们完全可以运用到公有部门的管理中。In short, the new public management, and is already by the private sector to successfully used management methods, If performance management, goal management, organizational development, human resources development is not unique to the private sector They can be used in public sector management

二、新公共行政管理的基本特征Second, the new public administration of the basic features

新公共管理是个非常松散的概念，它既指一种试图取代传统公共行政学的管理理论，又指一种新的公共行政模式，还指在当代西方公共行政领域持续进行的改革运动。New Public Management is a very loose concept, it refers to an attempt to replace the traditional public administration management theory, Also referred to a new model of public administration, also refers to the contemporary Western ongoing public administration reform movement 其名称在西方各国也不尽相同，如在英国叫“管理主义”，在美国则称为“企业家的政府”或“新公共管理”，在其他一些国家又称为“市场导向型公共行政”等等，但它们都具有大体相同的特征。Its name in western countries is not necessarily the same as in the United Kingdom called "management", in the United States known as the "entrepreneurial government" or "new public management" In some other countries, also known as the "market-oriented public administration," and so on, but they have broadly similar features

首先，新公共管理改变了传统公共模式下的政府与社会之间的关系，重新对政府职能及其与社会的关系进行定位：即政府不再是高高在上、“自我服务”的官僚机构，政府公务人员应该是负责任的“企业经理和管理人员”，社会公众则是提供政府税收的“纳税人”和享受政府服务作为回报的“顾客”或“客户”，政府服务应以顾客为导向，应增强对社会公众需要的响应力。First, the new public management to change the traditional model of public government and the relationship between society, reopened to the functions of the government and with the community relations position : that the government is no longer superior, "self-service" bureaucracy, government officials should be responsible "corporate managers and managers" the public is to provide the government's tax revenue "taxpayers" and access to government services in return for the "clients" or "customers" government services should be customer-oriented and should enhance the public's need to respond to force 近年来，英、德、荷兰等国政府采取的简化服务手续、制订并公布服务标准、在某一级行政区域和某些部门或行业开办“一站商店”服务等，就是在这种新的政府—社会关系模式下所施行的一些具体措施。In recent years, Britain, Germany, the Netherlands and other government services to simplify the procedures and to develop and publish service standards, in a regional and an administrative certain sectors or industries offer "one-stop shop" service It is in this new government-community relations model as applied by some of the specific measures

其次，与传统公共行政只计投入，不计产出不同，新公共管理更加重视政府活动的产出和结果，即重视提供公共服务的效率和质量，由此而重视赋予“一线经理和管理人员”（即中低级文官）以职、权、责，如在计划和预算上，重视组织的战略目标和长期计划，强调对预算的“总量”控制，给一线经理在资源配置、人员安排等方面的充分的自主权，以适应变化不定的外部环境和公众不断变化的需求。Secondly, with the traditional public administration, only the input, output or not, New Public Management pay more attention to the activities of the outputs and outcomes that provide public services to the efficiency and quality, thus entrusted to the "first-line managers and managers" (that is, low-level civil service) to the post of powers, responsibilities and If the plan and budget, the attention to the organization's strategic goals and long-term plans, the emphasis is on the Budget for its "total" control, to the frontline managers in the allocation of resources and personnel arrangements, and so on the full autonomy to adapt to the fluctuating external environment and the ever changing needs [NextPage][NextPage]

第三，与上一点紧密相联，新公共管理反对传统公共行政重遵守既定法律法规，轻绩效测定和评估的做法，主张放松严格的行政规制（即主要通过法规、制度控制），而实现严明的绩效目标控制，即确定组织、个人的具体目标，并根据绩效示标（performance indicator）对目标完成情况进行测量和评估，由此而产生了所谓的三E，即经济（economy）、效率（efficency）和效果（effect）等三大变量。Third, and closely related, 1:00, the new public management oppose traditional public administration re-compliance with established laws and regulations, Light performance measurement and assessment practices, advocating the relaxation of the strict regulatory system (that is, through legislation, system control), achieve strict control of the performance goals, which was to determine organizations, individuals of specific goals, under the performance indicator (performance indicator) on the target for completion of the measurement and assessment, as a result, the so-called three E, in which the economy (economy), efficiency (efficency) and the effect (effect), and other three variables

第四，与传统公共行政排斥私营部门管理方式不同，新公共管理强调政府广泛采用私营部门成功的管理方法和手段（如成本—效益分析、全面质量管理、目标管理等）和竞争机制，取消公共服务供给的垄断性，如“政府业务合同出租”、“竞争性招标”等，新公共管理认为，政府的主要职能固然是向社会提供服务，但这并不意味着所有公共服务都应由政府直接提供。Fourth, public administration and the traditional exclusion of private sector management methods differ, New Public Management emphasizes the wide adoption of successful private sector management methods and means (such as cost-benefit analysis total quality management, management by objectives) and the mechanism of competition, the abolition of the supply of public services monopoly, If "government contracts for rent" and "competitive bidding", the new public management, The main function of government is to serve the community, But this does not mean that all public services should be provided directly by the government 政府应根据服务内容和性质的不同，采取相应的供给方式。According to the government services and the different nature of the corresponding supply mode 如图所示：As shown :

市场状况／宪法职责模式Market status / mode of constitutional duties

附图Map

1、此项服务活动是由宪法明文规定的属政府职责范围之内，同时也没有其他竞争者，如国防，应由政府承担。1, the service activities by the Constitution provides that the government is within the scope of duties, while no other competitor, If defense, should be borne by the government

2、虽属宪法规定的政府职责，但同时有其他竞争者的存在，即其他非政府部门也在从事此项活动，如医院，在这种情况下，政府并非一定要亲自提供此项服务，而大可通过招标、合同出租等形式，将其出租给其他公营或私营部门，政府只要对其绩效目标进行测定和评估，并提供相应的报酬，便不失为一种提高服务质量和效率的有效途径。2, although the Constitution stipulates the functions of government, but there are other competitors exist, in other words, the non-governmental sector are engaged in this activity, such as hospitals, in this case, The government is not obliged to provide such a service in person, and goes through the tender, the contract leasing, and other forms, will be rented to other public or private sector, government, as long as its performance targets and measured assessment, and provide corresponding remuneration, it is nevertheless a good quality of service and efficient and effective way 这也就是《重塑政府》一书的作者奥斯本和盖布勒所说的政府应该“掌舵而不是划桨”。This is the "reinventing government", the author of a Osborne and Gaebler said the government should "steer and not the paddling"

3、宪法没有规定是政府的职责，而又存在着市场竞争者，如影视业，这时政府就完全可以不从事此项活动，而完全由私营部门承担。3, the Constitution does not provide is the duty of the government, the market and the existence of competitors, such as film and video industry, Then the government can not engage in this activity, and completely by the private sector

4、宪法既没有规定是政府的职责，同时又没有或缺乏从事此项活动的竞争者，如高等院校，这时政府就应积极培育市场，鼓励人们参与此项活动，以提高此项服务的效率、质量和有效性。4, which is not provided for the constitution is the duty of the government, but also the absence or lack of this activity in the competitors As institutions of higher learning, then the government should actively develop the market and encourage people to participate in activities to enhance the service efficiency, quality and effectiveness

需要说明的是，上述只是典型的四种公共服务类型，在现实中，It is important to point out, these are just typical four types of public services, in reality,

E-business environment under the logistics and distribution

Abstract: e-commerce under the logistics and distribution will help reduce production business inventories and accelerate capital turnover, enhance logistics efficiency and reduce logistics costs, and stimulate the social needs and is conducive to the whole community's macro-control and promote the healthy operation of the market economy and electronic Business to develop in depth

Key words: e-commerce distribution

First, China's development of logistics distribution

E-commerce logistics entity is the core issue of the distribution items China, as a developing country, the logistics industry to its late start, low level, the introduction of e-commerce, e-commerce did not have to support the activities of the modern logistics level However, since e-commerce in China to settle down, people did not stop distribution of the discussion At present, China mainly three types of e-commerce distribution model, is a full distribution system, that is, the domestic Internet-based, to various regions of the country's logistics system has been linked by agreement, a comprehensive distribution network for the entire process straight The second category is a regional system of a single business model Partial to the original business of a single regional distribution site for the base and be integrated, similar to a single business to business services, computer networking, the entire system of networking, and automated management The third category is professional distribution system of the model Such as postal communications, railway transport, air, water, Qiyun and other departments have been the perfect use of the national transport network resources to carry out specialized distribution From across the country, China has long been subject to the impact of the planned economy, low levels of social logistics, logistics management system confusion, the existing three categories of e-commerce distribution model is not yet ripe, efficiency is not high, but in the red Therefore, the need for China's economic development, enterprise reform and development of e-commerce logistics and distribution, learn from developed countries through the road and experience from China in 1992 began a logistics distribution center of the experimental work In 1996 the Internal Trade issued "on strengthening the commercial development of logistics distribution center construction work of the notice," pointed out the development and construction of logistics distribution center the importance of the proposed development and construction of the guiding ideology and principle, put forward the "mechanisms and intensive Management, improve the function of the development of the logistics and enhance strength "of the reform and development principles, to establish modern logistics distribution center to change the social construction of logistics distribution centers, the development of modern network as the main direction

Second, China's logistics and distribution patterns and problems of

At present, China's increased the number of e-commerce sites, transactions involving goods of daily necessities and other non-consumables, and on its e-commerce distribution model, can be divided into three types, namely operating BtoB (business to business) business model, BtoC (Business to consumers) model and the virtual logistics company model, in practice, although these three models get the recognition and application of common, but in e-commerce and distribution of convergence and optimal operation, there are still many problems, reflected in concrete :

China's current social low level of information networks, network infrastructure is relatively weak, especially as e-commerce platform for the delivery and billing infrastructure lags behind, the computer penetration rate low rate of Internet users only about 8 percent and are mainly concentrated in major cities , The use of Internet users in the real rate of online shopping less than 05 percent, electronic shopping credit has not been widely recognized

The understanding of the importance of e-commerce logistics enough Availability of the overall level of enterprise network low ratio of less than Internet companies, logistics enterprise information construction lagged behind, logistics and distribution of specialization, social, electronic, modern low level

There have been serious problems of poor business reputation, late delivery, delivery or do not send the wrong frequent phenomenon

E-commerce logistics infrastructure is not yet perfect, logistics systems theory is not enough, the logistics technology is still very backward, China's logistics workers and practice the theory of modern logistics of the new theories, new technologies, such as integrated supply chain management, third party logistics, automation Warehouse, automatic sorting system, global positioning system (GPS), and so has just contacted

Jidong of the lack of e-commerce and e-commerce technology has practical experience in human resources, in particular the lack of Jidong e-commerce and logistics distribution to understand the innovative spirit of the compound talents

Third, logistics and healthy development of the countermeasure

1 Enhance the degree of information Distribution of information for performance: the logistics of the database of information collection and code, the logistics of the electronic information processing and computer, the transmission of information and the standardization of real-time logistics information such as the digital storage Therefore, the bar-code technology, database technology, electronic ordering system, electronic data exchange, radio frequency technology, management information systems, enterprise resource planning, and other advanced management strategy should be in China's logistics and distribution enterprises to promote use Information is all modern technology and management tools of the foundation, only to achieve distribution of information can take up to the era of e-commerce distribution industry and historic task

2 Improve the logistics management system, improve service quality Internet shopping for the delivery time is too long and has yet to supply the phenomenon as e-commerce company in order to better serve customers, suppliers and customers should be strengthened between the exchange of information and feedback This will save users to order processing fees, users can also save time and gradually raise awareness of online shopping sense of trust, making good steady development of e-commerce

3 Distribution lower prices China's large-scale development of e-commerce online shopping has been difficult, logistics and distribution costs high, especially in the type of Internet transactions, for each client to achieve door-to-door is the high cost, we must work hard to reduce costs, e-commerce solution Logistics and distribution companies and distribution services among enterprises in the prices of contradictions

4 Perfect laws and policies E-commerce for the logistics and distribution problems, the relevant government departments should actively study the characteristics of e-commerce, the rapid development of targeted laws, regulations and policies to regulate e-commerce activities, enterprises and consumers in general to increase the confidence of e-commerce Flu

5 Actively developing third-party logistics enterprises "TPL" refers to the logistics business from the supply side and demand-side beyond the completion of a third party, in a sense that it is a form of logistics professionalism, "third-party logistics" in logistics management experience, Talent, technology, philosophy and other areas have certain advantages, the e-commerce transactions in both supply and demand of all the logistics activities of agent credentials, well-funded third-party logistics, the logistics can take full advantage of modern technology, is built on the foundation of modern information network technology On the logistics management software to ensure that customers at any time and any place check of goods and provision of supporting services, e-commerce transactions between the parties involved in the logistics can be entrusted to professional logistics enterprises, concentrate on developing the electronics market and business efficiency of the e-commerce BtoB transactions

The establishment of a national logistics public information platform, the development of 4PL 4PL is a supply chain integrator, mobilization and management organizations and their complementarity of the service provider's resources, capacity and technology to provide an integrated supply chain solutions Clearly, 4PL must meet three conditions: not the interests of the logistics side, to achieve information sharing, the ability to integrate all the logistics resources And really meet these conditions, only a virtual network of platforms, and this is the logistics and public information platform It provides comprehensive supply chain solutions to social integration of logistics resources, enhance the country's logistics industry integrated collaborative capabilities

电子商务环境下的物流配送

摘要：电子商务下的物流配送既有利于减少生产企业库存，加速资金周转，提高物流效率，降低物流成本，又刺激了社会需求，有利于整个社会的宏观调控，促进市场经济的健康运行及电子商务向纵深发展。

关键词：电子商务 物流 配送

一、我国物流配送发展概况

电子商务物流的核心问题是实体物品的配送。我国作为一个发展中国家，物流业起步较晚，水平低，在引进电子商务时，并不具备能够支持电子商务活动的现代化物流水平。但自从电子商务在中国落户，人们就没有停止对物流配送问题的讨论。目前，我国主要有三类电子商务物流配送模式，一类是全程物流配送系统，即以国内互联网为基础，把全国各地区已有的物流系统通过协议联系起来，形成全方位的全程直投配送网。第二类是区域性单一业务系统改造模式。以原有局部区域性单一业务的配送站点为基础，并加以集成，把单一业务改为同类业务服务，通过计算机联网，实现整个系统的网络化、自动化管理。第三类是专业化配送系统改造模式。如邮政通讯、铁运、空运、水运、汽运等部门利用已有的完善的全国性运输网络资源进行专业化配送。从全国范围来看，我国长期以来受计划经济的影响，物流社会化程度低，物流管理体制混乱，已有的三类电子商务物流配送模式还不成熟，效率不高，而且处于亏损状态。因此，针对我国经济发展需要、企业改革及电子商务物流配送发展现状，借鉴发达国家走过的道路和经验，我国从1992年起开始了物流配送中心的试点工作。1996年原国内贸易部发出了《关于加强商业物流配送中心发展建设工作的通知》，指出了发展建设物流配送中心的重要意义，提出发展建设的指导思想和原则，同时提出了“转换机制、集约经营、完善功能、发展物流、增强实力”的改革与发展方针，确定以向现代化物流配送中心转变，建设社会化的物流配送中心，发展现代化网络为主要方向。

二、我国物流配送模式及存在的问题

目前我国电子商务网站数量大增，交易商品涉及日用品及其他非易耗品等，就其电子商务物流配送模式而言，可分为三种类型，分别是经营BtoB（商家对商家）业务的模式、BtoC（商家对消费者）的模式以及虚拟物流公司模式，在实践中这三种模式虽然得到共同的认同与应用，但在电子商务与物流配送的接轨和优化运行上还存在许多问题，具体体现在：

中国目前的社会信息网络化水平低，网络基础设施相对薄弱，特别是作为电子商务平台的传递和结算基础设施滞后，计算机普及率低，网民比率只有8%左右，并主要集中在各大中城市，网民中真正采用网上购物的比率不到05%，电子购物的信用没有得到广泛认同。

对电子商务物流的重要性认识不够。供货企业网络化整体水平低，上网企业比率不足，物流企业信息化建设滞后，物流配送的专业化、社会化、电子化、现代化程度低。

存在严重的商业信誉差的问题，迟送、送错或不送现象时有发生。

电子商务物流基础尚不完善，物流理论还不够系统，物流技术还很落后，我国物流理论工作者和实践者对现代物流的新理论、新技术，如集成化供应链管理、第三方物流、自动化立体仓库、全自动分拣系统、全球定位系统（GPS）等才刚刚接触。

缺乏既懂电子商务理论和技术又有电子商务实践经验人才，尤其缺乏既懂电子商务又懂物流配送的有创新精神的复合型人才。

三、物流配送健康发展的对策

1提高信息化程度。物流配送信息化表现为：物流信息收集的数据库化和代码化、物流信息处理的电子化和计算机化、信息传递的标准化和实时化、物流信息存储的数字化等。因此,条码技术、数据库技术、电子订货系统、电子数据交换、射频技术、管理信息系统、企业资源计划等先进的管理策略，应在我国的物流配送企业大力推广运用。信息化是一切现代技术和管理手段的基础，只有实现物流配送信息化,才能承担起电子商务时代赋予物流配送业的历史任务。

2完善物流管理系统功能,提高售后服务质量。针对网上购物出现的送货时间过长以及迟迟没有货源的现象，作为电子商务公司为了能更好的服务于顾客，应加强顾客和供货商之间信息的交流与反馈。这样可以给用户节约订单处理费用，又可以节约用户的时间，逐渐提高人们对网上购物的信任感，使得电子商务良性稳步发展。

3降低配送服务价格。我国发展电子商务实现大规模的网上购物一直困难重重，物流配送费用偏高，特别是零售型的网上交易，为每个客户实现送货上门是高成本的，必须努力降低成本，解决电子商务公司与物流配送企业之间在配送服务价格方面的矛盾。

4完善法律政策。针对电子商务物流配送出现的种种问题，政府有关部门应该积极研究电子商务的特点，迅速制定有针对性地法律、法规和政策，以规范电子商务活动，增加企业和广大消费者对电子商务的信任感。

5积极发展第三方物流企业。“第三方物流”是指物流由商务的供方、需方之外的第三方完成,从某种意义上说它是物流专业化的一种形式，“第三方物流”一般在物流管理经验、人才、技术、理念等方面都具有一定的优势,对电子商务交易中供求双方的所有物流活动进行全权代理，同时第三方物流资金雄厚,可以充分利用现代物流技术,具有建立在现代信息网络技术基础上的物流管理软件,保证客户在任何时间、任何地点查看货物及提供配套的服务，参与电子商务交易的双方可以把物流委托给专业物流企业,专心于电子市场的开拓和商务效率的提高电子商务BtoB交易模式。

建立全国物流公共信息平台，发展第四方物流。第四方物流是一个供应链集成商，它调集和管理组织自己的以及具有互补性的服务提供商的资源、能力和技术，以提供一个综合的供应链解决方案。显然，第四方物流必须满足三个条件：不是物流的利益方、能实现信息共享、有能力整合所有的物流资源。而真正满足这些条件的只有一种虚拟的物流网平台，这就是全国物流公共信息平台。它能提供综合的供应链解决方案，以整合社会物流资源，提高我国物流产业的综合协同能力。

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is an enterprise-wide information system designed to coordinate all the resources, information, and activities needed to complete business processes such as order fulfillment or billing

An ERP system supports most of the business system that maintains in a single database the data needed for a variety of business functions such as Manufacturing, Supply Chain Management, Financials, Projects, Human Resources and Customer Relationship Management

An ERP system is based on a common database and a modular software design The common database can allow every department of a business to store and retrieve information in real-time The information should be reliable, accessible, and easily shared The modular software design should mean a business can select the modules they need, mix and match modules from different vendors, and add new modules of their own to improve business performance

Ideally, the data for the various business functions are integrated In practice the ERP system may comprise a set of discrete applications, each maintaining a discrete data store within one physical database

Overview of ERP Solutions

Some organizations — typically those with sufficient in-house IT skills to integrate multiple software products — choose to implement only portions of an ERP system and develop an external interface to other ERP or stand-alone systems for their other application needs For example, one may choose to use human resource management system from one vendor, and the financial systems from another, and perform the integration between the systems themselves

This is very common in the retail sector[citation needed], where even a mid-sized retailer will have a discrete Point-of-Sale (POS) product and financials application, then a series of specialized applications to handle business requirements such as warehouse management, staff rostering, merchandising and logistics

Ideally, ERP delivers a single database that contains all data for the software modules, which would include:

Manufacturing

Engineering, Bills of Material, Scheduling, Capacity, Workflow Management, Quality Control, Cost Management, Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Projects, Manufacturing Flow

Supply Chain Management

Order to cash, Inventory, Order Entry, Purchasing, Product Configurator, Supply Chain Planning, Supplier Scheduling, Inspection of goods, Claim Processing, Commission Calculation

Financials

General Ledger, Cash Management, Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, Fixed Assets

Projects

Costing, Billing, Time and Expense, Activity Management

Human Resources

Human Resources, Payroll, Training, Time & Attendance, Rostering, Benefits

Customer Relationship Management

Sales and Marketing, Commissions, Service, Customer Contact and Call Center support

Data Warehouse

and various Self-Service interfaces for Customers, Suppliers, and Employees

Enterprise Resource Planning is a term originally derived from manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) that followed material requirements planning (MRP)[3] MRP evolved into ERP when "routings" became a major part of the software architecture and a company's capacity planning activity also became a part of the standard software activity[citation needed] ERP systems typically handle the manufacturing, logistics, distribution, inventory, shipping, invoicing, and accounting for a company Enterprise Resource Planning or ERP software can aid in the control of many business activities, like sales, marketing, delivery, billing, production, inventory management, quality management, and human resource management

ERP systems saw a large boost in sales in the 1990s as companies faced the Y2K problem in their legacy systems Many companies took this opportunity to replace their legacy information systems with ERP systems This rapid growth in sales was followed by a slump in 1999, at which time most companies had already implemented their Y2K solution[4]

ERPs are often incorrectly called back office systems indicating that customers and the general public are not directly involved This is contrasted with front office systems like customer relationship management (CRM) systems that deal directly with the customers, or the eBusiness systems such as eCommerce, eGovernment, eTelecom, and eFinance, or supplier relationship management (SRM) systems

ERPs are cross-functional and enterprise wide All functional departments that are involved in operations or production are integrated in one system In addition to manufacturing, warehousing, logistics, and information technology, this would include accounting, human resources, marketing, and strategic management

ERP II means open ERP architecture of components The older, monolithic ERP systems became component oriented[citation needed]

EAS — Enterprise Application Suite is a new name for formerly developed ERP systems which include (almost) all segments of business, using ordinary Internet browsers as thin clients[citation needed]

[edit] Before

Prior to the concept of ERP systems, it was not unusual for each department within an organization to have its own customized computer system For example, the human resources (HR) department, the payroll department, and the financial department might all have their own computer systems

Typical difficulties involved integration of data from potentially different computer manufacturers and systems For example, the HR computer system (often called HRMS or HRIS) would typically manage employee information while the payroll department would typically calculate and store paycheck information for each employee, and the financial department would typically store financial transactions for the organization Each system would have to integrate using a predefined set of common data which would be transferred between each computer system Any deviation from the data format or the integration schedule often resulted in problems

[edit] After

ERP software, among other things, combined the data of formerly separate applications This simplified keeping data in synchronization across the enterprise, it simplified the computer infrastructure within a large organization, and it standardized and reduced the number of software specialties required within larger organizations

Best practices

Best practices were also a benefit of implementing an ERP system When implementing an ERP system, organizations essentially had to choose between customizing the software or modifying their business processes to the "best practice" function delivered in the vanilla version of the software

Typically, the delivery of best practice applies more usefully to large organizations and especially where there is a compliance requirement such as IFRS, Sarbanes-Oxley or Basel II, or where the process is a commodity such as electronic funds transfer This is because the procedure of capturing and reporting legislative or commodity content can be readily codified within the ERP software, and then replicated with confidence across multiple businesses who have the same business requirement

Where such a compliance or commodity requirement does not underpin the business process, it can be argued that determining and applying a best practice actually erodes competitive advantage by homogenizing the business as compared to everyone else in the industry sector

[edit] Implementation

Because of their wide scope of application within a business, ERP software systems are typically complex and usually impose significant changes on staff work practices[citation needed] Implementing ERP software is typically not an "in-house" skill, so even smaller projects are more cost effective if specialist ERP implementation consultants are employed[citation needed] The length of time to implement an ERP system depends on the size of the business, the scope of the change and willingness of the customer to take ownership for the project[citation needed] A small project (eg, a company of less than 100 staff) may be planned and delivered within 3-9 months; however, a large, multi-site or multi-country implementation may take years[citation needed]

To implement ERP systems, companies often seek the help of an ERP vendor or of third-party consulting companies These firms typically provide three areas of professional services: consulting, customization and support The client organisation may also employ independent program management, business analysis, change management and UAT specialists to ensure their business requirements remain a priority during implementation

Data migration is one of the most important activities in determining the success of an ERP implementation Since many decisions must be made before migration, a significant amount of planning must occur Unfortunately, data migration is the last activity before the production phase of an ERP implementation, and therefore receives minimal attention due to time constraints The following are steps of a data migration strategy that can help with the success of an ERP implementation: [5]

Identifying the data to be migrated

Determining the timing of data migration

Generating the data templates

Freezing the tools for data migration

Deciding on migration related setups

Deciding on data archiving

[edit] Process preparation

ERP vendors have designed their systems around standard business processes, based upon best business practices Different vendor(s) have different types of processes but they are all of a standard, modular nature Firms that want to implement ERP systems are consequently forced to adapt their organizations to standardized processes as opposed to adapting the ERP package to the existing processes[6] Neglecting to map current business processes prior to starting ERP implementation is a main reason for failure of ERP projects[7] It is therefore crucial that organizations perform a thorough business process analysis before selecting an ERP vendor and setting off on the implementation track This analysis should map out all present operational processes, enabling selection of an ERP vendor whose standard modules are most closely aligned with the established organization Redesign can then be implemented to achieve further process congruence Research indicates that the risk of business process mismatch is decreased by:

linking each current organizational process to the organization's strategy;

analyzing the effectiveness of each process in light of its current related business capability;

understanding the automated solutions currently implemented[8] [9]

ERP implementation is considerably more difficult (and politically charged) in organisations structured into nearly independent business units, each responsible for their own profit and loss, because they will each have different processes, business rules, data semantics, authorization hierarchies and decision centers[10] Solutions include requirements coordination negotiated by local change management professionals or, if this is not possible, federated implementation using loosely integrated instances (eg linked via Master Data Management) specifically configured and/or customized to meet local needs

A disadvantage usually attributed to ERP is that business process redesign to fit the standardized ERP modules can lead to a loss of competitive advantage While documented cases exist where this has indeed materialized, other cases show that following thorough process preparation ERP systems can actually increase sustainable competitive advantage[11][12]

[edit] Configuration

Configuring an ERP system is largely a matter of balancing the way you want the system to work with the way the system lets you work Begin by deciding which modules to install, then adjust the system using configuration tables to achieve the best possible fit in working with your company’s processes

Modules - Most systems are modular simply for the flexibility of implementing some functions but not others Some common modules, such as finance and accounting are adopted by nearly all companies implementing enterprise systems; others however such as human resource management are not needed by some companies and therefore not adopted A service company for example will not likely need a module for manufacturing Other times companies will not adopt a module because they already have their own proprietary system they believe to be superior Generally speaking the greater number of modules selected, the greater the integration benefits, but also the increase in costs, risks and changes involved

Configuration Tables – A configuration table enables a company to tailor a particular aspect of the system to the way it chooses to do business For example, an organization can select the type of inventory accounting – FIFO or LIFO – it will employ or whether it wants to recognize revenue by geographical unit, product line, or distribution channel

So what happens when the options the system allows just aren’t good enough At this point a company has two choices, both of which are not ideal It can re-write some of the enterprise system’s code, or it can continue to use an existing system and build interfaces between it and the new enterprise system Both options will add time and cost to the implementation process Additionally they can dilute the system’s integration benefits The more customized the system becomes the less possible seamless communication becomes between suppliers and customers

[edit] Consulting Services

Many organizations did not have sufficient internal skills to implement an ERP project This resulted in many organizations offering consulting services for ERP implementation Typically, a consulting team was responsible for the entire ERP implementation including planning, training, testing, implementation, and delivery of any customized modules Examples of customization includes additional product training; creation of process triggers and workflow; specialist advice to improve how the ERP is used in the business; system optimization; and assistance writing reports, complex data extracts or implementing Business Intelligence

For most mid-sized companies, the cost of the implementation will range from around the list price of the ERP user licenses to up to twice this amount (depending on the level of customization required) Large companies, and especially those with multiple sites or countries, will often spend considerably more on the implementation than the cost of the user licenses -- three to five times more is not uncommon for a multi-site implementation[citation needed]

[edit] Customization Services

Customization Services involves any modifications or extensions that change how the out-of-the-box ERP system works

Customizing an ERP package can be very expensive and complicated Some ERP packages are not designed to support customization, so most businesses implement the best practices embedded in the acquired ERP system Some ERP packages have very generic features, such that customization occurs in most implementations It is also often possible to extend the standard ERP package by purchasing third party software to provide additional functionality

Customization work is usually undertaken as bespoke software development on a time and materials basis

Customization can be further classified into: Core system customization or custom extensions in custom libraries

Core system customization is where customers change the software vendors’ proprietary code This means that the software will no longer be supported by the vendor for the particular function that was customized as the code would be modified to the customers need The customers IT department will then normally support the code in-house or subcontract a consulting organization to do so

Custom extensions are where a customer build bolt on custom applications that run parallel to the standard system ie custom extended applications Modules that are extended but core code not changed remain supported but the extensions will have to be supported by the customers IT department or subcontracted consulting organization

[edit] Maintenance and Support Services

Maintenance and Support Services involves monitoring and managing an Operational ERP system This function is often provided in-house using members of the IT department, but may also be provided by specialist external consulting and services companies

[edit] Advantages

In the absence of an ERP system, a large manufacturer may find itself with many software applications that do not talk to each other and do not effectively interface Tasks that need to interface with one another may involve:

Integration among different functional areas ensures proper Communication, Productivity, & Efficiency

design engineering (how to best make the product)

order tracking from acceptance through fulfillment

the revenue cycle from invoice through cash receipt

managing inter-dependencies of complex Bill of materials

tracking the 3-way match between Purchase orders (what was ordered), Inventory receipts (what arrived), and Costing (what the vendor invoiced)

the Accounting for all of these tasks, tracking the Revenue, Cost and Profit on a granular levelChange how a product is made, in the engineering details, and that is how it will now be made Effective dates can be used to control when the switch over will occur from an old version to the next one, both the date that some ingredients go into effect, and date that some are discontinued Part of the change can include labeling to identify version numbers

Some security features are included within an ERP system to protect against both outsider crime, such as industrial espionage, and insider crime, such as embezzlement A data tampering scenario might involve a disgruntled employee intentionally modifying prices to below the breakeven point in order to attempt to take down the company, or other sabotage ERP systems typically provide functionality for implementing internal controls to prevent actions of this kind ERP vendors are also moving toward better integration with other kinds of information security tools[13]

[edit] Disadvantages

Problems with ERP systems are mainly due to inadequate investment in ongoing training for involved personnel, including those implementing and testing changes, as well as a lack of corporate policy protecting the integrity of the data in the ERP systems and how it is used

Disadvantages

Customization of the ERP software is limited

Re-engineering of business processes to fit the "industry standard" prescribed by the ERP system may lead to a loss of competitive advantage

ERP systems can be very expensive leading to a new category of "ERP light" solutions

ERPs are often seen as too rigid and too difficult to adapt to the specific workflow and business process of some companies—this is cited as one of the main causes of their failure

Many of the integrated links need high accuracy in other applications to work effectively A company can achieve minimum standards, then over time "dirty data" will reduce the reliability of some applications

Once a system is established, switching costs are very high for any one of the partners (reducing flexibility and strategic control at the corporate level)

The blurring of company boundaries can cause problems in accountability, lines of responsibility, and employee morale

Resistance in sharing sensitive internal information between departments can reduce the effectiveness of the software

ディレクトリ是目录的意思。在计算机应用中，目录的发展成了“文件夹”，随着目录工作的发展，衍生出“目录学”。

目录学是研究目录工作形成和发展的一般规律即研究书目情报运动规律的科学，是目录工作实践经验的理论概括和总结。

目录学的内容，主要包括文献的揭示与记录，书目索引编制法，书目情报服务以及目录学史等。目录学的分支学科，包括普通目录学：研究目录学的一般原理，编制书目索引的基该方法；专科目录学：研究各学科文献的积累、整理和利用；比较目录学：研究中外目录学发展的特性。此外，还有侧重于对图书版本状况进行考证研究的分支学科，称版本目录学。

下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的 范文 ”的资料，供大家参阅。

英文文献综述范文

How to Write a Literature Review

I The definition of Literature Review

文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

II The purposes of literature review And Its Components

A The Purposes

On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis

On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused

research question

B Its Components

There are six parts in a complete Literature Review

标题与作者(title and author)

摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)

引言(introduction)

述评(review)

结论(conclusion)

参考文献(references)

III Classification of Source Materials

How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources

A: Background sources:

Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and

encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web

B: Primary sources

Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,

biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search

C: Secondary sources

Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book

reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or

writers and their works, etc Secondary sources will inform most of your writing

in college You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,

but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and

will help you interpret those primary sources To use theme well, however, you

need to think critically them There are two parts of a source that you need to

analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text

D: Web sources

The sources or information from websites Web serves as an excellent

resource for your materials However, you need to select and evaluate Web

sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control You

may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc It’s a

good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its

own way When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the

authorship and sponsorship If they are both unclear, be critical when you use

information The currency of website information should also be taken into

account Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose

IV Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

A Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and

the other the work itself, choose the work itself Never attempt to write a paper

on a topic without reading the original source

B Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments

Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis

C Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William

Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic

in depth Choose those

D Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on

Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,

Choose the article by the expert

E Choosing the most current sources

If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a

scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information If all the

books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in

periodicals

V Writing a literature Review

A When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

1 The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem

2 The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem

3 The major findings in the area, by whom and when

4 The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why

5 Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies

6 Criticism of the work in the area

B When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

1 Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis

2 Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can

C Some tips for writing the review:

1 Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic

2 Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most

related references last

3 Conclude your review with a brief summary

4 Start writing your review early

VI 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项

英文文献主要部分细节提示：

引言(Introduction)

引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围

和内容。提出问题时，作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和

分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时，作者应使用简明扼要

的语句加以概括。

引言的内容和结构具有以下特点：

(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和

范围;

(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识，使用现在完成时叙述他人成果，使用一般将来时或一

般现在时简介本文内容;

(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了，多用简单句，并列成份较为常见;

(4)以第三人称主语为主，间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。

述评(Review)

述评是文献综述的核心所在，是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围，

作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析，在此基础上列出与主题有关的

所有重要学术观点，然后分别加以论述，以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究，以时间

为序，由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能，叙前人研究，议其结果、探其原因、

究其不足。

分析评论，特别是表达作者自己的观点时，要客观、谨慎，因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测

的语言形式。

综述的结论(Conclusion)

结论不仅是作者对全文的总结，也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分，一般有标题Conclusion 或

Summary，较短的综述如果没有小标题，则往往有As mentioned above，To sum up，To

conclude，Inshort，In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括：对述评的归纳、对各种问

题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。

二注意事项

⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述，甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。

⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。

⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。

⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略，但文献综述绝对不能省略，而 且应是文中引用过的，能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。

5文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍，而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此，文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。

6文献综述要文字简洁，尽量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚，从原始文献中得出一般性结论。

7 文献综述不是资料库，要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”，确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关，其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起，既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势，又能反映研究内容的各个方面。

8 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观，用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献，尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。

VII A Sample of Literature Review

A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92～94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ～ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102～105)

Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101～107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ～ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16～18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity

and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992)

After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations

References

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References

李丽君 英语 学术论文 及 留学 文书写作[M] 北京： 清华大学出版社， 2002 田贵森, 段晓英英语专业 毕业 论文写作 教程[M] 北京： 北京理工大学出版社

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刘振聪 英语学术论文写作[M] 北京： 中国人民大学出版社 2009

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