常见的关系型数据库有哪些(关系型数据库是什么)

关系数据库，是建立在关系模型基础上的数据库，借助于集合代数等数学概念和方法来处理数据库中的数据。现实世界中的各种实体以及实体之间的各种联系均用关系模型来表示。标准数据查询语言SQL就是一种基于关系数据库的语言，这种语言执行对关系数据库中数据的检索和 *** 作。

关系模型由关系数据结构、关系 *** 作集合、关系完整性约束三部分组成。

简单说，关系型数据库是由多张能互相联接的二维行列表格组成的数据库。当前主流的关系型数据库有Oracle、DB2、MicrosoftSQLServer、MicrosoftAess、MySQL等。

1、Oracle

Oracle是1983年推出的世界上第一个开放式商品化关系型数据库管理系统。它采用标准的SQL结构化查询语言，支持多种数据类型，提供面向对象存储的数据支持，具有第四代语言开发工具，支持Unix、WindowsNT、OS/2、Novell等多种平台。除此之外，它还具有很好的并行处理功能。Oracle产品主要由Oracle服务器产品、Oracle开发工具、Oracle应用软件组成，也有基于微机的数据库产品。主要满足对银行、金融、保险等企业、事业开发大型数据库的需求。

2、DB2

DB2是美国IBM公司开发的一套关系型数据库管理系统，它主要的运行环境为UNIX（包括IBM自家的AIX）、Linux、IBMi（旧称OS/400）、z/OS，以及Windows服务器版本。

DB2主要应用于大型应用系统，具有较好的可伸缩性，可支持从大型机到单用户环境，应用于所有常见的服务器 *** 作系统平台下。DB2提供了高层次的数据利用性、完整性、安全性、可恢复性，以及小规模到大规模应用程序的执行能力，具有与平台无关的基本功能和SQL命令。

DB2采用了数据分级技术，能够使大型机数据很方便地下载到LAN数据库服务器，使得客户机/服务器用户和基于LAN的应用程序可以访问大型机数据，并使数据库本地化及远程连接透明化。

DB2以拥有一个非常完备的查询优化器而著称，其外部连接改善了查询性能，并支持多任务并行查询。DB2具有很好的网络支持能力，每个子系统可以连接十几万个分布式用户，可同时激活上千个活动线程，对大型分布式应用系统尤为适用。

3、MicrosoftSQLServer

SQLServer是Microsoft公司推出的关系型数据库管理系统。具有使用方便可伸缩性好与相关软件集成程度高等优点，可跨越从运行MicrosoftWindows98的膝上型电脑到运行MicrosoftWindows2012的大型多处理器的服务器等多种平台使用。

MicrosoftSQLServer是一个全面的数据库平台，使用集成的商业智能(BI)工具提供了企业级的数据管理。MicrosoftSQLServer数据库引擎为关系型数据和结构化数据提供了更安全可靠的存储功能，使您可以构建和管理用于业务的高可用和高性能的数据应用程序。

4、MicrosoftAess

Aess是由微软发布的关系数据库管理系统。它结合了DatabaseEngine和图形用户界面两项特点，是MicrosoftOffice的系统程序之一。

Aess是微软把数据库引擎的图形用户界面和软件开发工具结合在一起的一个数据库管理系统。它是微软OFFICE的一个成员,在包括专业版和更高版本的office版本里面被单独出售。2018年9月25日,最新的微软OfficeAess2019在微软Office2019里发布。

MSACCESS以它自己的格式将数据存储在基于AessJet的数据库引擎里。它还可以直接导入或者链接数据(这些数据存储在其他应用程序和数据库)。

5、MySQL

MySQL是一个关系型数据库管理系统，由瑞典MySQLAB公司开发，目前属于Oracle旗下产品。MySQL是最流行的关系型数据库管理系统之一，在WEB应用方面，MySQL是最好的RDBMS(RelationalDatabaseManagementSystem，关系数据库管理系统)应用软件之一。

MySQL是一种关系数据库管理系统，关系数据库将数据保存在不同的表中，而不是将所有数据放在一个大仓库内，这样就增加了速度并提高了灵活性。

MySQL所使用的SQL语言是用于访问数据库的最常用标准化语言。MySQL软件采用了双授权政策，分为社区版和商业版，由于其体积小、速度快、总体拥有成本低，尤其是开放源码这一特点，一般中小型网站的开发都选择MySQL作为网站数据库。

--rman连接目标数据库

[oracle@S1011:/export/home/oracle]$ rman target /Recovery Manager: Release 112030 - Production on Tue Aug 13 17:15:41 2013Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates All rights reserved

connected to target database: TESTDB11 (DBID=2578856066)RMAN>

--执行实例管理命令

RMAN> shutdown immediate;

using target database control file instead of recovery catalogdatabase closed

database dismounted

Oracle instance shut down

RMAN> startup mount;

connected to target database (not started)Oracle instance started

database mounted

Total System Global Area 855982080 bytesFixed Size 2230792 bytesVariable Size 641730040 bytesDatabase Buffers 209715200 bytesRedo Buffers 2306048 bytesRMAN> open database;

database opened

--执行SQL语句

RMAN> sql 'alter system switch logfile';

sql statement: alter system switch logfile--查看channel的配置

RMAN> show channel;

RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name TESTDB11 are:

RMAN configuration has no stored or default parameters--配置2个rman通道

RMAN> configure channel 1 device type disk format '/pooldisk02/backup03/%U';new RMAN configuration parameters:

CONFIGURE CHANNEL 1 DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/pooldisk02/backup03/%U';new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully storedRMAN> configure channel 2 device type disk format '/pooldisk02/backup04/%U';using target database control file instead of recovery catalognew RMAN configuration parameters:

CONFIGURE CHANNEL 2 DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/pooldisk02/backup04/%U';new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored--查看配置的通道

RMAN> show channel;

RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name TESTDB11 are:

CONFIGURE CHANNEL 1 DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/pooldisk02/backup03/%U';CONFIGURE CHANNEL 2 DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/pooldisk02/backup04/%U';--对users表空间进行备份

RMAN> backup tablespace users;

Starting backup at 13-AUG-13

configuration for DISK channel 2 is ignoredallocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=41 device type=DISKchannel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup setchannel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup setinput datafile file number=00004 name=/oradata/users01dbfchannel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 13-AUG-13channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 13-AUG-13piece handle=/pooldisk02/backup03/03oh77tu_1_1 tag=TAG20130813T174742 comment=NONEchannel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01Finished backup at 13-AUG-13

--为什么只使用一个channel，这与当前的配置有关RMAN> show all;

RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name TESTDB11 are:

CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1; # defaultCONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # defaultCONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # defaultCONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # defaultCONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # defaultCONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # defaultCONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # defaultCONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # defaultCONFIGURE CHANNEL 1 DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/pooldisk02/backup03/%U';CONFIGURE CHANNEL 2 DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/pooldisk02/backup04/%U';CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # defaultCONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # defaultCONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # defaultCONFIGURE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM 'BASIC' AS OF RELEASE 'DEFAULT' OPTIMIZE FOR LOAD TRUE ; # defaultCONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO NONE; # defaultCONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '/u01/app/oracle/product/1120/dbhome_1/dbs/snapcf_TestDB11f'; # default--重新配置磁盘设备的备份并行度

RMAN> CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 2 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET;new RMAN configuration parameters:

CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 2 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET;new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully storedreleased channel: ORA_DISK_1

--再次对users表空间进行备份

RMAN> backup tablespace users;

Starting backup at 13-AUG-13

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=41 device type=DISKallocated channel: ORA_DISK_2

channel ORA_DISK_2: SID=42 device type=DISKchannel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup setchannel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup setinput datafile file number=00004 name=/oradata/users01dbfchannel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 13-AUG-13channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 13-AUG-13piece handle=/pooldisk02/backup03/04oh7891_1_1 tag=TAG20130813T175336 comment=NONEchannel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01Finished backup at 13-AUG-13

--手工分配channel

RMAN> run{

2> backup datafile 2 channel ORA_DISK_2;

3> backup datafile 4 channel ORA_DISK_1;

4> }

Starting backup at 13-AUG-13

using channel ORA_DISK_1

using channel ORA_DISK_2

channel ORA_DISK_2: starting full datafile backup setchannel ORA_DISK_2: specifying datafile(s) in backup setinput datafile file number=00002 name=/oradata/sysaux01dbfchannel ORA_DISK_2: starting piece 1 at 13-AUG-13channel ORA_DISK_2: finished piece 1 at 13-AUG-13piece handle=/pooldisk02/backup04/05oh78g9_1_1 tag=TAG20130813T175729 comment=NONEchannel ORA_DISK_2: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:45Finished backup at 13-AUG-13

Starting backup at 13-AUG-13

using channel ORA_DISK_1

using channel ORA_DISK_2

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup setchannel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup setinput datafile file number=00004 name=/oradata/users01dbfchannel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 13-AUG-13channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 13-AUG-13piece handle=/pooldisk02/backup03/06oh78hm_1_1 tag=TAG20130813T175814 comment=NONEchannel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01Finished backup at 13-AUG-13

--临时分配一个channel

RMAN> run

2> { allocate channel c1 device type disk format '/pooldisk02/backup05/%U';3> allocate channel c2 device type disk format '/pooldisk02/backup06/%U';4> backup datafile 3 channel c1;

5> backup tablespace users channel c2;

6> release channel c1;

7> release channel c2;

8> }

released channel: ORA_DISK_1

released channel: ORA_DISK_2

allocated channel: c1

channel c1: SID=41 device type=DISK

allocated channel: c2

channel c2: SID=42 device type=DISK

Starting backup at 13-AUG-13

channel c1: starting full datafile backup setchannel c1: specifying datafile(s) in backup setinput datafile file number=00003 name=/oradata/undotbs01dbfchannel c1: starting piece 1 at 13-AUG-13channel c1: finished piece 1 at 13-AUG-13piece handle=/pooldisk02/backup05/07oh792c_1_1 tag=TAG20130813T180708 comment=NONEchannel c1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:07Finished backup at 13-AUG-13

Starting backup at 13-AUG-13

channel c2: starting full datafile backup setchannel c2: specifying datafile(s) in backup setinput datafile file number=00004 name=/oradata/users01dbfchannel c2: starting piece 1 at 13-AUG-13channel c2: finished piece 1 at 13-AUG-13piece handle=/pooldisk02/backup06/08oh792j_1_1 tag=TAG20130813T180715 comment=NONEchannel c2: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01Finished backup at 13-AUG-13

released channel: c1

released channel: c2

--查看表空间users的备份情况

RMAN> list backup of tablespace users;

List of Backup Sets

===================

BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------1 Full 423M DISK 00:00:01 13-AUG-13BP Key: 1 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20130813T174742Piece Name: /pooldisk02/backup03/03oh77tu_1_1List of Datafiles in backup set 1

File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name

---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----

4 Full 2596084 13-AUG-13 /oradata/users01dbfBS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------2 Full 423M DISK 00:00:00 13-AUG-13BP Key: 2 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20130813T175336Piece Name: /pooldisk02/backup03/04oh7891_1_1List of Datafiles in backup set 2

File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name

---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----

4 Full 2596442 13-AUG-13 /oradata/users01dbfBS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------4 Full 423M DISK 00:00:00 13-AUG-13BP Key: 4 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20130813T175814Piece Name: /pooldisk02/backup03/06oh78hm_1_1List of Datafiles in backup set 4

File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name

---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----

4 Full 2596651 13-AUG-13 /oradata/users01dbfBS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------6 Full 423M DISK 00:00:00 13-AUG-13BP Key: 6 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20130813T180715Piece Name: /pooldisk02/backup06/08oh792j_1_1List of Datafiles in backup set 6

File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name

---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----

4 Full 2597212 13-AUG-13 /oradata/users01dbf--修改时间的显示格式

[oracle@S1011:/export/home/oracle]$ export NLS_DATE_FORMAT='yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'

RMAN> list backup of tablespace users;

using target database control file instead of recovery catalogList of Backup Sets

===================

BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------1 Full 423M DISK 00:00:01 2013-08-13 17:47:43BP Key: 1 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20130813T174742Piece Name: /pooldisk02/backup03/03oh77tu_1_1List of Datafiles in backup set 1

File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name---- -

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