二九：英语流利说Level3-Unit2-Part1（中英文版）

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Jack is a psychiatrist [saɪˈkaɪətrɪst 精神病学家], which means he treats people who have mental problems

He has been treating patients for many years and has used a variety of treatments

Sometimes he just listens and talks to patients, and sometimes he uses medications

These medications affect the brain in many different ways

All too often people have suffered through bad dates and humiliations

If they could just choose what they wanted, wouldn't it save time and reduce suffering

However, by choosing partners based on our preconceived [ˌpriːkənˈsiːvd 预想的] ideas, we may be indulging [ɪnˈdʌldʒɪŋ 沉迷于] in our illusions

Instead of letting ourselves grow with someone, love becomes more about looking for ourselves in the other

Machu Picchu is one of the world's most impressive historical sites

The city was almost forgotten until 1911 when it was discovered by an American historian, Hiram Bingham, after he heard rumors of its existence

Bingham was led to the site by local farmers and was amazed by what he saw, which seemed like an unbelievable dream

He wondered if anyone would believe what he had found

Psychologists [saɪˈkɒlədʒɪsts 心理学家] John and Julie Gottman run the "Love Lab", where thousands of couples have been studied over the last 30 years

The purpose of their research is to determine the factors that lead to happy and unhappy relationships

From their data, they have concluded that contempt [kənˈtempt 鄙视], criticism, defensiveness, and stonewalling are the most significant factors that can hurt a marriage or relationship

Among these, contempt is the biggest predictor [prɪˈdɪktə(r) 预示] of divorce

One thing Walter is considering is to sell his shares in the company

He could begin to sell a little at a time and reinvest the money somewhere else

But where would he invest

He doesn't know much about investing,and several of his friends have lost a lot by making bad investments

The company Walter works for is a pharmaceutical company

It develops new drugs,which is a risky business, and sells them worldwide

It's expensive to develop new drugs, and it can take a very long time to get a new drug approved

Without government approval, it can't be sold, which can result in a huge loss

My boyfriend and I have just had another fight

I think I'm going to break up with him

Hey, you've said that before

Calm down Is that you really what you want to do

Yeah, I think so I don't see any future in our relationship

Another contributing factor in sports injuries is fatigue [fəˈtiːɡ 疲劳]

Doctors believe that fatigue is an important warning sign that the body has reached its limit

When fatigued it is more difficult for the body to protect itself

Therefore it's good idea to stop an activity at the first sign of fatigue

Last week John got some bad news

His company is downsizing and moving its head office to another city

It's moving because it can no longer afford to do business where they are now

Expenses are too high, especially salaries, so it's more difficult to compete with other companies

填词

In the best case he would make a lot of money If that happened he could finally retire and enjoy a comfortable life On the other hand, in the worst case, his investments could result in a huge loss If that happened, he wouldn't be able to enjoy his retirement He wouldn't be able to travel or do any of the things he has dreamed about doing

Located in the Andes Mountains of Peru, at 8,000 feet above sea  level , the "City of the Incas" was mysteriously  abandoned  just 100 years after its  construction This was when the Spanish were beginning their  conquest  of the Inca Empire, in the 1530's There is no  evidence that the Spanish invaders ever  attacked  or even reached the mountaintop city, so many  believe  that the city's inhabitants  deserted  [dɪˈzɜːtɪd 离弃] the city because of an epidemic [ˌepɪˈdemɪk 流行病]

Some people respond to criticism by stonewalling [ˈstəʊnwɔːlɪŋ 沉默], where they refuse to acknowledge and respond to their partner for a period of time Unfortunately, ignoring your partner can make it difficult to determine the root of your porblems If your partner feels that they aren't valued, it may lead to increased   dissatification

Another threat to the company comes from foreign competition , which is getting stronger The company has also started to move some of its research and production facilities overseas Salary levels are lower there, and the quality of foreign workers is getting better As a result, the company has reduced its local hiring and is no longer giving large bonuses

找错

Traditional stories tend to emphasizing  (emphasize ✓) the fantastic, magical side of love Fate plays matchmaker [红娘] Strangers see each another  (other ✓) from around  (across ✓) a room and instant  (instantly ✓) know that they are destined [ˈdestɪnd 命中注定] to be together It isn't difficult to imagine two strangers coming together and fall  (falling ✓) in love despite their differences It suggests that love is challenging, uncertain, and incomprehensible [ɪnˌkɒmprɪˈhensəbl 无法理解的]

A bruise [bruːz 挫伤] is damaged to small blood vessels which cause  (causes ✓) bleeding within the tissues A muscle fibers  (strain ✓ 劳损) is a small tear [撕裂] of muscle fibers and a ligament [韧带] sprain [扭伤] is a small tear of ligament tissue The body's response for  (to ✓) these injuries is the same on  (in ✓) the intial five-day period immediately follow  (following ✓) the incident - inflammation [ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn 炎症] Inflammation is characterized by pain, localized swelling [肿胀], heat, redness and a loss of function

Although (Despite ✓) its remote [偏远的] location, Machu Picchu has become one of the more  (most ✓) popular tourist destinations in the world Every year, thousand  (thousands ✓) of people travel to Peru to admire its magnificent stonework and breathtake  (breathtaking ✓) design What they see is a wonderful harmonious  (harmony ✓) between the city and the landscape around it that is captivating [迷人的]

The city was almost forgot  (forgotten ✓) untill 1911 when it was discovered by an American histroian, Hiram Bingham, after he heard rumors of its existence Bingham was leading (led ✓) to the site by local farmers and was amazed by what he saw, which seemed like an unbeliveable dream He wondered if anyone would believe what he had found Though the surrounding jungle had overgrown the site, what remained was impressive [令人赞叹的] The city had been built in  (on ✓) a remote and nearly accessible (inaccessible ✓)   mountaintop, often shroud  (shrouded ✓ 遮蔽) in clouds

But with more people use (using ✓) online dating services, a very different kind of love is  (has ✓) emerged [露出]: one that is scientific, convenient, and self-directed It minimizes risk and provides a choice, like of  (on ✓) a menu There is anonymity [ˌænəˈnɪməti 匿名] and the avoidance of immediately (immediate ✓) rejection Meeting terms are negotiating (negotiated ✓) online

Computer algorithms exclude undesirable traits [人的特征] such as the wrong hair color, race, nor  (or ✓) age But they aslo exclude randomness They reduce the chances of meeting someone different, or someone whom  (who ✓) could challenge one's romantic ideals Besides (Instead ✓), they find the partner we think we want and exclude everyone else As the (a ✓) result, we could be missing the opportunity of a lifetime, to meet someone we would ever (never ✓) have expected to fall in love with

The Gottmans maintains that be  (being ✓) aware of these factors in communication is the first step to improved  (improving ✓) a relationship It is important to acknowledge that all relationships have issues The goal shouldn't be to avoid these issues, but to learn to resolve them In particular, we should avoid communicate  (communicating ✓) in ways that hurt our partner's self-esteem [自尊心] It is better to discuss problems in a way that is more (less ✓) confrontational [对抗性的] and can better help your partner sympathize [赞同，支持] with your perspective [态度，观点]

QuickServe is a home repair company  quickservice是一家家居维修公司。

It provides quick, reliable repair services to homes它为家庭提供快速、可靠的维修服务。

QuickServe handles plumbing and electrical issues 24 hours a day QuickServe 24小时处理管道和电气问题。

It also cleans roofs, fixes internet connections and replaces broken windows它还能清洁屋顶，修复互联网连接，更换破碎的窗户。

For a small fee, customers subscribe to the service只需支付少量费用，客户就可以订阅这项服务。

Its main customers are theelderly, which means older people 它的主要客户是老年人，也就是说老年人。

Whenever customers have a problem, they can call for help当客户有问题时，他们可以打电话寻求帮助。

There is also a small service charge for each service call每打一个服务电话还要收取一小笔服务费。

The company was established 5 years ago, and is growing rapidly该公司成立于5年前，目前发展迅速。

It started in one city, but is now in 5 cities它开始在一个城市，但现在在5个城市。

The company plans to expand to 10 cities within the next 24 months该公司计划在未来24个月内将业务扩展到10个城市。

In each city, there is a small central office in a low-rent area of the city 在每个城市的廉租房区都有一个小的中心办公室。

The central office handles the business, advertising,payrolland billing 中央办公室处理业务、广告、工资和帐单。

It also takes calls from customers, either online or by telephone 它还接受客户的电话，无论是在线电话还是电话。

It takes calls 24 hours a day, 7 days a week它需要一天24小时，一周7天的电话。

60% of the company’s employees work from their homes该公司60%的员工在家办公。

When a customer calls in to central office, a service employee is contacted当客户打电话到中心办公室时，会与服务人员联系。

The service employee then contacts the customer andsets upan appointment然后服务人员与客户联系并安排一个约会。

These service employees are highly trained and provide excellent service这些服务人员训练有素，提供优质服务。

In emergencies, such as a serious plumbing problem, service can be provided within an hour在紧急情况下，例如严重的管道问题，可以在一小时内提供服务。

One reason for this is that the service employees live in different parts of the city原因之一是服务人员居住在城市的不同地区。

They are not centrally located, so it’s quicker and easier for them to travel to a customer’s home它们不是位于中心位置，所以对它们来说，到客户家中旅行更快捷、更容易。

QuickServe 2

QuickServe has an excellent reputation快速服务有着良好的声誉。

Its prices are reasonable and its services are quick and efficient价格合理，服务快捷高效。

The company’s service employees are clean, polite and efficient公司的服务人员干净、礼貌、高效。

In this type of business, person to person contact is the key to success 在这种类型的业务中，人与人之间的联系是成功的关键。

With each satisfied customer, more customers subscribe每一个满意的客户，都会有更多的客户订阅。

Satisfied customers recommend QuickServe to their friends满意的客户向他们的朋友推荐quickservice。

This kind of word-of-mouth advertising is very cost effective这种口口相传的广告非常划算。

Cost effective means that the results are good without paying a high price成本效益是指在不付出高昂代价的情况下，结果是好的。

In other words, quality service provides its own reward to the company 换句话说，优质的服务为公司提供了自己的回报。

The company takes great pride in being honest with its customers 这家公司以对顾客诚实为荣。

There are no hidden charges for their services他们的服务没有隐藏的费用。

As a result, the number of customers in each city is growing rapidly 因此，每个城市的顾客数量都在迅速增长。

With the aging population, there are more elderly people who need home repair services随着人口老龄化，越来越多的老年人需要家庭维修服务。

These people need to have confidence in the service provider这些人需要对服务提供者有信心。

They don’t want to be cheated他们不想被骗。

These people don’t mind paying a reasonable fee for high quality service 这些人不介意为高质量的服务支付合理的费用。

High quality service should be rewarded应该奖励高质量的服务。

The company provides a range of service plans, each with a different subscription price该公司提供一系列的服务计划，每个计划都有不同的订阅价格。

The least expensive service plan is called the basic plan最便宜的服务计划叫做基本计划。

This plan provides non-emergency services with a very low service charge这项计划以极低的服务费提供非紧急服务。

The most expensive service plan is their VIP plan最昂贵的服务计划是他们的VIP计划。

The VIP plan provides emergency services 24 hours a day with no additional service charge贵宾计划24小时提供紧急服务，不收取额外服务费用。

It also provides rebates to customers who don’t call for any service during the year它还为年内不需要任何服务的客户提供折扣。

In addition, QuickServe gives bonus points to customers for each year that they subscribe此外，quickservice还为客户订阅的每一年提供额外的积分。

These bonus points can be used to buy new appliances such as stoves and refrigerators这些积分可以用来购买炉子和冰箱等新电器。

If the business continues to grow, the owners may decide to take the company public如果业务继续增长，所有者可能会决定让公司上市。

This means that the public can buy shares of the company这意味着公众可以购买该公司的股票

It will then change from a privately-owned company to a public company然后，它将从一家私营公司转变为一家上市公司。

The owners believe that their business is successful and can expand around the world 业主们相信他们的业务是成功的，可以扩展到世界各地。

They also believe that taking their company public can make them rich他们还认为，将公司上市可以让他们变得富有。

Matter is made of atoms and molecules 物质是由原子和分子组成的。

Water, for example, is the H2O molecule 例如，水就是H2O分子。

This means that a molecule of water have 3 atoms 这意味着一个水分子有3个原子。

A water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom 水分子有两个氢原子和一个氧原子。

Substances like sugar have many atoms in their molecules 像糖这样的物质分子中有许多原子。

A molecule of sugar has many atoms, including carbon, hydrogen and oxygen 糖分子有许多原子，包括碳、氢和氧。

Matter is made of molecules, such as H2O, which is the water molecule 物质是由分子组成的，比如水分子H2O。

Matter can be one of three states, solid, liquid or gas 物质可以是三种状态之一，固体、液体或气体。

Water and ice are the same substance, but they are in different states 水和冰是同一种物质，但它们处于不同的状态。

These states depend on the temperature of the molecules 这些状态取决于分子的温度。

When we heat a substance, the molecules move faster and try to take up more space 当我们加热一种物质时，分子移动得更快，并试图占据更多的空间。

When we cool a substance, the molecules move more slowly 当我们冷却一种物质时，分子移动得更慢。

When we cool a substance to its freezing point, it becomes

a solid 当我们把物质冷却到冰点时，它就变成了固体。

In a solid, the molecules move very little 在固体中，分子运动很小。

Their positions are almost fixed 它们的位置几乎是固定的。

To be fixed means that their positions don’t change 固定意味着它们的位置不变。

If we heat the molecules, they move faster and away from each other 如果我们加热这些分子，它们会移动得更快，彼此远离。

The solid begins to melt, like ice cream on a hot day 固体开始融化，就像大热天的冰淇淋。

At a certain temperature, a solid begins to change into a liquid 在一定温度下，固体开始变成液体。

The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid depends on the substance 固体转变成液体的温度取决于物质。

For water, the solid begins to change into a liquid when

its temperature rises to about 0 degree Celsius 对于水来说，当温度上升到0摄氏度左右时，固体开始变成液体。

For some substances, such as steel, the temperature at which it becomes a liquid is much higher 对于某些物质，如钢，它变成液体的温度要高得多。

Steel often melts at around 1370 degrees Celsius 钢通常在1370摄氏度左右熔化。

If we continue to heat a liquid, the molecules move even faster 如果我们继续加热液体，分子移动得更快。

At a certain temperature, the liquid begins to change into a gas 在一定温度下，液体开始变成气体。

For water, the liquid begins to change into a gas at 100 degrees Celsius 对于水，液体在100摄氏度时开始变成气体。

That is the boiling point of water 那是水的沸点。

Inside a star, such as our Sun, the temperature is very high 在恒星内部，如太阳，温度很高。

Everything inside the Sun is a gas 太阳内部的一切都是气体。

According to scientists, there are over 65 elements inside the Sun 据科学家说，太阳内部有超过65种元素。

These include oxygen and iron 其中包括氧气和铁。

Over 90 percent of the Sun is hydrogen gas 太阳90%以上是氢气。

Yesterday there was an important science test 昨天有一个重要的科学考试。

Lisa, Tom and 20 other classmates took the test 丽莎、汤姆和其他20位同学参加了考试。

The test was about the states of matter and how they are different 这个测试是关于物质的状态以及它们之间的不同之处。

There were 25 questions on the test, and they had 45 minutes to take it 考试共有25道题，他们有45分钟的时间。

Here are some of the test results 以下是一些测试结果。

Two students got perfect scores 两个学生得了满分。

The lowest score was 68 out of a hundred 最低的分数是68分。

The average score was 863 平均分是863分。

Eleven students scored higher than average 11名学生的得分高于平均分。

Eleven students had below average scores 11名学生的分数低于平均分。

Tom missed two questions on the test, so his score was 92 汤姆考试漏了两道题，所以他的分数是92分。

His score was the eighth highest in the class 他的分数是全班第八高的。

Lisa missed two and a half questions, so her score was 90 丽莎漏了两道半题，所以她的分数是90分。

Her score was the tenth highest score 她的分数是第十高分。

Her score was 4 points higher than the average score 她的分数比平均分高4分。

Lisa was disappointed with her test results 丽莎对她的测试结果很失望。

She studied hard for the test, but she still didn’t do well 她为了考试而努力学习，但是她仍然没有取得好成绩。

As a result, she plans to study harder for the next test 因此，她计划为了下一次考试而更加努力学习。

The next test will be in about two weeks 下一次测试将在两周后进行。

Tom was surprised and happy with his test results 汤姆对他的考试成绩既惊讶又高兴。

He didn’t study hard, so his result was better than he expected 他没有努力学习，所以他的成绩比他预期的要好。

He was also happy that he did better than Lisa did 他也很高兴他比丽莎做得好。

She is screaming because she is really scared 她尖叫是因为她真的很害怕。

Something is chasing her, so she is screaming for help 有东西在追她，所以她尖叫着求救。

He's shouting because he is angry 他大喊大叫是因为他生气了。

When he's really angry, he often shouts like this 他生气的时候，经常这样大喊大叫。

She's sleeping because she's tired 她在睡觉，因为她累了。

Last night she didn’t get enough sleep, so today she has no energy 昨晚她睡眠不足，所以今天她无精打采。

She’s crying because she’s sad 她哭是因为她伤心。

She got some bad news a few minutes ago 几分钟前她得到了一些坏消息。

She’s smiling because she’s happy 她笑是因为她很高兴。

Her boyfriend just called and he is returning from a long trip 她男朋友刚打电话来，他刚从长途旅行回来。

This man is hiking up a mountain trail 这个人正在爬山。

He is wearing hiking boots and is carrying a pack on hisback 他穿着登山靴，背上背着背包。

This man enjoys cooking 这个人喜欢烹饪。

He attends a cooking class once a week 他每周上一次烹饪课。

This woman enjoys gardening 这位妇女喜欢园艺。

She grows flowers, such as roses, and vegetables, such as

tomatoes in her garden 她在花园里种了玫瑰之类的花，还种了西红柿之类的蔬菜。

This boy loves playing games 这个男孩喜欢玩游戏。

He likes all kinds of games, including this video game on his computer 他喜欢各种各样的游戏，包括电脑上的这个电子游戏。

This old couple enjoys traveling 这对老夫妇喜欢旅游。

They take several trips a year, often to different countries 他们一年有几次旅行，经常去不同的国家。

W: Oh, there you are, finally 哦，你终于来了。

M: Yeah, I’m sorry 是的，对不起。

W: Why are you so late 你怎么这么晚

You were supposed to be here 30 minutes ago你30分钟前就该来了。

M: I got on the wrong subway by mistake 我上错了地铁。

W: Why didn’t you call 你为什么不打电话I

was really worried我真的很担心。

M: I don’t have my phone 我没带手机。

I left it in the office because I was in such a hurry to get here我把它落在办公室了，因为我太着急了。

W: OK, well, you’re here now 好吧，你现在来了。We don’t have much time我们没有多少时间了。

M: Yes, we'll have to hurry 是的，我们得快点了。

The meeting starts in 15 minutes, right 会议还有15分钟就要开始了，对吧

W: Yes, it's supposed to if everyone gets here on time 是的，如果每个人都准时到的话。

W: Did you read my presentation 你看过我的报告了吗？

M: Yes, I did 是的，我看过。

It’s good，but it’s a bit too long 报告很好，但是有点太长了。

I’m afraid there won’t be enough time for questions我担心没有足够的时间提问。

W: Do you have any suggestions 你有什么建议吗？

M: Yes, I do 是的,我有。

I think the company introduction can be cut in half 我认为公司介绍可以减半。

They know what we do 他们知道我们是做什么的。

W: OK, I won’t show the video 好吧，我就不放视频了。

It’s about 2 minutes long大概有2分钟。

M: That’s a good idea 这是个好主意。

The video was on our website and it’s not that good anyway视频在我们的网站上，反正也没那么好。

W: Do you have any other suggestions 你还有别的建议吗？

M: No, I don’t 没有了。

I’m sure you'll do a great job 我相信你会做得很好。

Are you ready 你准备好了吗

W: Yes, I’m ready 是的,我准备好了。

The meeting room is on the 21st floor会议室在21层。

M: OK Let’s go 好的，我们走吧。

Lisa: How did you do on yesterday's science test 昨天的科学考试你考得怎么样

Tom: I did better than expected 我考得比预期的好How about you你呢？

Lisa: I didn’t do very well 我考得不太好。

I expected to do better than I did 我原以为会做得比实际的好。

Tom: What was your score 你得了多少分？

Lisa: I got a 90 我得了90分。What about you 你呢？

Tom: I got a 92 我得了92分。I only missed 2 questions只漏了两个问题。

Lisa: So you did better than I did 所以你考得比我好。

And I really studied for it too 我也为此而努力了。

Tom: That is a surprise 真是个意外。You usually do better than I do 你通常比我考得好。

Lisa: Yes, I wasn't careful 是的，我不小心。

I made one really stupid mistake我犯了一个非常愚蠢的错误。

Tom: What was it 是什么？

Lisa: I said 90% of the sun is Helium instead of hydrogen 我说太阳的90%是氦而不是氢。

Tom: Wow, that was a stupid mistake 那真是个愚蠢的错误。

Tom: What was the average score for the class 班里的平均分数是多少

Do you know 你知道吗

Lisa: The average score was 863 and the lowest was 68 平均分863分，最低68分。

Tom: Do you know who got the lowest test score 你知道谁的考试分数最低吗？

Lisa: No, I don’t 我不知道。

I don’t know who got the lowest score 我不知道谁的分数最低。

 It’s probably a secret这可能是个秘密。

Tom: Did anyone get a perfect score 有人得了满分吗？

Lisa: I think Ada and Sanjay both got perfect scores 我想艾达和桑杰都得了满分。

Tom: Yes, they always do well 是的，他们总是考得很好。

I wish I were as smart as they are 我希望我和他们一样聪明。

L3-U2-P1-7 listening

L3-U2-P1-8 Vocabulary

L3-U2-P1-9 Speaking

网络和手机的影响改变了世界以及我们互相之间关联的方式。取代见面， 我们更多地通过 手持设备 来 交流 。某种意义上，真实的人消失了，取而代之的是科技和虚拟的朋友。有些人甚至说他们更愿意向他们的虚拟朋友 袒露心声 而非他们真正的朋友！

The Internet and smartphones have changed the wrold and how we relate to each other Instead of meeting in person, we increasingly interface through handheld devices In a sense, real people are being removed, replaced by technology and vitual friends Some people even say that they prefer to confide in their virtual friends rather than their real friends!

AI, 或者说人工智能， 是另一项极具 颠覆性 的技术。在AI的加持下，手机和其他设备将有更多的功能。它们能够与我们 交流 ，和我们开玩笑。他们甚至会成为个人导师， 取代我们在线的人类教师。它们能够这样做是因为它们能够访问我们的生活历史。他们将知道我们有什么难题，我们的偏好， 以及任何我们想要学习或者尝试的内容。它们能够适应我们的需求并且在任何时候满足我们。所有这些都比使用人类花费更少。

AI, or artificial intelligence, is another technology that is highly disruptive With AI, smartphone and other devices will have even more capbilities They will be able to converse with us and tell us jokes They may even become personal tutors, and replace our online tutors They will be able to do this because they will have access to our life histories THey will wihat kind of problems we have, our preferences, and any content we want to learn or practice They will be able to adapt to our needs and be available at any time And all of this will cost less than using a human

事实上，AI对人类劳动力的替代有潜力改变这个世界。专家警告称智能的机器可能会造成大范围的失业。很多劳动者将被解雇， 取代他们的是比人类能够更好完成 认知 型任务的机器。 一个更大的危险是它们会发展出个性而且变得比人更有趣。为孤独的人生产AI伴侣的工作已经在进行中了。

In fact, the substitution of AIs for human labor has the potential to transform the world Experts warn that smart machines may cause widespread unemployment Many workers will become retadundant, replaced by machines that can perform cognitive tasks better than people An even great danger is that they will develop personalities and become more interesting than pepple Works are already underway to produce AI companions for lonely people

这些发展值得我们担心还是欢迎？ 它们和过去的发展有何不同，例如 工业革命 ？汽车取代了马匹；机器和工业机器人取代了工厂的工人。

Are these developments something to worry or welcome How are they different from developments in the past, such as the industrial revolution Cars replaced horses; machines and industrial rebots replaced factory  workers

既然转换到AI是不可避免的，决策者的挑战将是帮助当前的劳动者获得新的技能。未来的一代必须准备好面对一个 充满 了能够持续进化和接手新任务的AI的工作场所。 我们接受挑战吗 ？

Since the shift to AI is inevitable, the challenge for policy makers will be to help existing workers acquire new skills Future generations must be prepared for a workplace populated with AIs that will continue to develop and take on new tasks, Are we up to the task

interface

1

N-COUNT (学科或系统间相互影响或衔接的)边缘区域,接合部位The interface between two subjects or systems is the area in which they affect each other or have links with each other

a witty exploration of that  interface  between bureaucracy and the working world 

对官僚阶层与劳动大众之间的临界区域的风趣探究

2

N-COUNT (软件的用户)界面If you refer to the user interface of a particular piece of computing software, you are talking about its presentation on screen and how easy it is to operate

the development of better user interfaces 

更友好的用户界面的开发

3

N-COUNT (计算机或电子设备的)接口In computing and electronics, an interface is an electrical cricuit which links one machine, especially a computer, with another

4

V-RECIP-ERG (使)(与…)相互联系（或连接）If one thing interfaces with another, or if two things interface, they have connections with each other If you interface one thing with another, you connect the two things

the way we  interface  with the environment 

我们与环境相互作用的方式

The different components all have to  interface  smoothly 

不同的部件都必须能顺利接合。

virtual

1

ADJ 几乎的;实际上的;事实上的You can use virtual to indicate that something is so nearly true that for most purposes it can be regarded as true

Argentina came to a  virtual  standstill while the game was being played 

在比赛进行的时候，阿根廷全国几乎陷入了停顿状态。

He claimed to be a  virtual  prisoner in his own home 

他说自己在家里简直就像是个囚犯。

2

ADJ 虚拟的;模拟的Virtual objects and activities are generated by a computer to simulate real objects and activities

Up to four players can compete in a  virtual  world of role playing 

最多可以有4个玩家在一个虚拟世界中扮演角色互相拼杀。

This is a  virtual  shopping centre offering visitors entry to a clutch of well-known etailers without going to their different websites 

这是一个虚拟的购物中心，访问者在此就可以浏览很多著名的网上零售店铺，而无需分别访问它们各自的网站。

confide

VERB 吐露（或倾诉）秘密If you confide in someone, you tell them a secret

I knew she had some fundamental problems in her marriage because she had confided in me a year earlier 

我知道她的婚姻存在一些根本性的问题，早在一年前她就向我倾诉过。

He confided to me that he felt like he was being punished 

他向我诉说他觉得自己像是在受罚。

disruptive

ADJ-GRADED 破坏性的;制造混乱的To be disruptive means to prevent something from continuing or operating in a normal way

Alcohol can produce violent,  disruptive  behavior 

酒精会引发暴力和破坏性行为。

The process of implementing these changes can be very  disruptive  to a small company 

对于小公司来说，实行这些变革可能会带来灭顶之灾。

converse

1

V-RECIP (与…)交谈;(和…)说话If you converse with someone, you talk to them You can also say that two people converse

Luke sat directly behind the pilot and conversed with him 

卢克就坐在飞行员后面，并且和他说着话。

They were conversing in German, their only common language 

他们正用德语交谈，这是他们唯一的共同语言。

2

N-SING 相反的声明;相反的话;相反的言论The converse of a statement is its opposite or reverse

What you do for a living is critical to where you settle and how you live — and the  converse  is also true 

一个人的谋生手段对于其居住地的选择和生活方式来说有着至关重要的影响，反之亦然。

substitution

1

In my experience a straight  substitution  of carob for chocolate doesn'twork 

根据我的经验，用角豆制品直接代替巧克力行不通。

2

We use saccharin in  substitution  for sugar 

我们用糖精代替糖

3

Substitution , No3 for No4 

换人,4号下, 3号上

substitute

1

V-ERG 用…代替;取代;替换If you substitute one thing for another, or if one thing substitutes for another, it takes the place or performs the function of the other thing

They were substituting violence for dialogue 

他们在用暴力取代对话。

You could always substitute a low-fat soft cheese 

你总是可以代之以低脂肪的软奶酪。

2

N-COUNT 代替者;代替物;代用品A substitute is something that you have or use instead of something else

She is seeking a substitute for the very man whose departure made her cry

那个男人的离去令她伤心痛哭，她正想找一个人填补内心的空缺。

tests on humans to find a blood substitute made from animal blood 

为从动物血液中提取人血的替代品而在人体上进行的试验

3

N-COUNT 令人满意的替代物;与之媲美的事物If you say that one thing is no substitute for another, you mean that it does not have certain desirable features that the other thing has, and is therefore unsatisfactory If you say that there is no substitute for something, you mean that it is the only thing which is really satisfactory

The printed word is no substitute for personal discussion with a great thinker

阅读印在纸上的内容远不如与伟大的思想家面对面探讨那般受益。

There is no substitute for practical experience 

实践经验是无法替代的。

4

N-COUNT 替补(运动员)In team games such as football, a substitute is a player who is brought into a match to replace another player

Coming on as a substitute, he scored four crucial goals for Cameroon 

作为替补队员上场的他为喀麦隆队打入了四粒关键进球。

1

V-ERG 用…代替;取代;替换If you substitute one thing for another, or if one thing substitutes for another, it takes the place or performs the function of the other thing

They were substituting violence for dialogue 

他们在用暴力取代对话。

You could always substitute a low-fat soft cheese 

你总是可以代之以低脂肪的软奶酪。

2

N-COUNT 代替者;代替物;代用品A substitute is something that you have or use instead of something else

She is seeking a substitute for the very man whose departure made her cry

那个男人的离去令她伤心痛哭，她正想找一个人填补内心的空缺。

tests on humans to find a blood substitute made from animal blood 

为从动物血液中提取人血的替代品而在人体上进行的试验

3

N-COUNT 令人满意的替代物;与之媲美的事物If you say that one thing is no substitute for another, you mean that it does not have certain desirable features that the other thing has, and is therefore unsatisfactory If you say that there is no substitute for something, you mean that it is the only thing which is really satisfactory

The printed word is no substitute for personal discussion with a great thinker

阅读印在纸上的内容远不如与伟大的思想家面对面探讨那般受益。

There is no substitute for practical experience 

实践经验是无法替代的。

4

N-COUNT 替补(运动员)In team games such as football, a substitute is a player who is brought into a match to replace another player

Coming on as a substitute, he scored four crucial goals for Cameroon 

作为替补队员上场的他为喀麦隆队打入了四粒关键进球。

redundant

1

ADJ （人员因过剩）被解雇的，被裁减的If you are made redundant, your employer tells you to leave because your job is no longer necessary or because your employer cannot afford to keep paying you

My husband was made  redundant  late last year 

我丈夫去年年底被裁了。

a  redundant  miner 

失业的矿工

2

ADJ 多余的；不再需要的；过剩的Something that is redundant is no longer needed because its job is being done by something else or because its job is no longer necessary or useful

Changes in technology may mean that once-valued skills are now  redundant

技术上的革新可能意味着曾经被重视的技术现在已变得多余。

the conversion of  redundant  buildings to residential use 

将空置大楼改造为住宅

cognitive

1

ADJ 认识过程的;认知的Cognitive means relating to the mental process involved in knowing, learning, and understanding things

As children grow older, their  cognitive  processes become sharper 

孩子们越长越大，他们的认知过程变得更为敏锐。

Vygotsky's theory of  cognitive  development 

维果斯基的认知发展理论

Most people don't know about Samuel Pierpond Langley(塞缪尔·皮尔庞特·兰利,天文学家 物理学家，发明家，美国第一艘航空母舰兰利号。对飞机的试飞实验早于莱特兄弟)

And back in the early 20th century, the pursuit of powered manned flight was like the dot com of the day, every body was trying it   回到20世纪初期，人们对造人飞机的追捧就如同今天对互联网的追捧，每人各都想试着造飞机。

And Samuel Pierpond Langley had what we assume to be the recipe(食谱 秘诀 诀窍) for success

然而兰利拥有我们所追求的成功秘诀

I mean even now you ask people why did your product, why did your company failed

我的意思是，即便现在，你问人们为什么你的产品，你的公司失败了？

And people always give you the same permutation(排列 组合) of the same three things

而人们总是给你三个相同的因素：

under- capitalized,  the wrong people, bad market conditions

资金不足，遇见错的人，市场大条件不好。

so It's always the three things, so let's explore that

所以， 总是这三个因素。 所以让我们一起来发掘下，

Samuel Pierpond Langley was given 50 000 dollars by the War Department（美国陆军总部）  to figure out this flying machine

美国陆军总部给了兰利50 000美元去研制飞行器。

Money was no problem

钱不是问题了。

He held a seat at Harvard and worked at Smithsonian(史密森学会), and it was well-connected(有好亲戚的 出身名门的 血统关系好的)

他在哈弗有一席之地，在史密森学会工作过，出身甚好，

He knew all the big minds  (大佬) of the day

他认识当时所有的大佬，

He hired the best minds money could find, and market conditions were fantastic

他雇佣了花钱能请到的最好的人才，市场大环境绝佳，

The New York Times followed him around everywhere, and everyone was rooting for (支持)  Langley

纽约时报四处跟着他，每个人都支持兰利，

And how can we've never heard of Samuel Pierpond Langley

然而如何我们竟从未听说过兰利？

After a few hundred miles away in Dayton, Ohio, Orville(奥维尔) and Wilber Wright,

在几百英里以外的俄亥俄州代顿市，奥维尔和韦伯莱特，

They had none of what we consider to be the recipe of success

他们没有任何我们所认为的成功要素，

They had no money, they paid for their dream with the proceeds from their bicycle shop

他们没有钱，他们用自己自行车店的利润来支付他们的梦想。

Not a single person on the Wright Brothers' team had a college education, not even Orville or Wilber

怀特兄弟团队没有任何一个人受过大学教育，甚至是奥维尔和韦伯莱特，

And the New York Times followed them around nowhere

纽约时报从不跟四处随他们。

The difference was Orville and Wilber were driven by a cause, by a purpose,  by a belief

不同的是，奥维尔和韦伯是被一个理想、一个目的、一个信念而驱动，

They believe that they can figure out this flying machine, it'll change the course of the world 

他们相信他们能制造出这飞行器， 它将改变世界的进程。

Samuel Pierpond Langley was different，

兰利不同，

He wanted to be rich, and he wanted to be famous

他想要的是财富，他想要的是名誉，

He was in pursuit of the result, he was in pursuit of the riches

他追求结果，他追求财富，

band lo(看 瞧) and behold(看 看见), look what happened

瞧，发生了什么？

The people who believed in the Wright Brothers' dream ，worked with them with blood and sweet and tears

这些相信怀特兄弟梦想的人们，跟随他们一起付出了热血、汗水和眼泪而工作，

and others just worked for the pay check

而其他人仅仅是为了工资而工作。

And they tell stories of how every time the Wright Brothers went out, they would have to take five sets of parts

有个故事说，怀特兄弟每次外出，他们都更会带五套工具。

Because that's how many times they would crash before they came in for supper

因为在每次晚饭前，他们都要遭遇很多次撞毁（失败）

And eventually, on December 17th 1903, the Wright Brothers took flight

最终，在1903年12月17日，怀特兄弟飞起来了。

And no one was there to even experience it

然而现场没有一个人目睹、经历

We found out about it a few days later

我们是在几天后才发现的。

And further proof that Langley was motivated by the wrong thing

而这儿进一步证明了兰利受到错误的激励，

The day Wright Brothers took flight, he quit

怀特兄弟是试飞成功的那一天，他退出了。

He could've said, that's an amazing discovery, guys, and I will approve upon the technology but he didn't

他本可以说，这是发明太棒了，小伙子们，我将改进你们的技术，但是他没有。

He wasn't first, he didn't get rich, he didn't get famous, so he quit

他不是第一个，他没有变的富有，他没有功成名就，所以他推出了。

People don't buy what you do, they buy why you do it

人们买的不是你所做的，而是你为什么而做。

And if you talk about what you believe, you will attract those who believe what you believe

如果你谈论你所信仰的，你就会吸引那些相信你所信仰的人。

1 What does the cynic suggest by Back in the early 20th century, the pursuit of human powered flight was like the dom com of the day

The pursuit of human powered flight was extremely popular

2 How was the Wright brothers different from Langley

They were motivated to change the world rather than becoming famous and rich

3 If someone is well- connected, theyknow many influential people

完形填空

4 They had no money; they paid for their dream with the proceeds from their bicycle shop; not a single person on the Wright Brothers' team had a college education, not even Orville or Wilbur, and the New York times followed them around nowhere

But why is important to attract those who believe what you believe

但是为什么去吸引那些相信你所相信的人如此重要呢？

Something called the law diffusion (扩散 传播 慢射)of innovation，and if you don't know the law, you definitely know the terminology(某学科的术语 专门用语)

有人称之为创新扩散定律，如果你不知道这个定律，你必定知道这个术语。

The first two and a half percent of our population are our innovation

人口中的前25%是我们的创新者。

The next 13 and a half percent of our population are our earlier adopters

接下来的135%人口是我们的早期接受者。

The next 34 percent are your early majority, your late majority, and your laggards(迟缓者)

接下里的34%是早期的大多数，晚期的大多数，及迟缓者。

The only reason these people buy touch-tone phones is because you can't buy rotary phone（转盘电话） any more

这些人买touch-phone的唯一原因是你不用在去买转盘电话了。

we all sit at various places at various times on the scale(规模上 刻度上)

在范围你，不同的时期，不同的位置。

But what the law diffusion of innovation tells us, is that if you want mass success（大众市场） , mass market acceptance of an idea,

但是创新扩散定律告诉我们的是，如果你想要的是大众市场接受一个理念，

You can not have it until you achieve these tipping point(引爆点 爆发点), between 15 and 18 percent of market penetration, and then the system tips（倾斜 倾覆 倒出）

直到你成功达到 15%--18%的市场渗率临界点，你才能成功，市场才能引爆。

And I love asking business, what your conversion on new business

我喜欢问企业，你在新行业的转换如何？

They love to tell you, oh, it's about 10 percent, proudly

他们喜欢自豪的告诉你，哦，差不多10%。

Well, you can trip over(拌在障碍物上而跌跤)  10 percent of the customers,

好吧，你能得到10%的客户

We all have about10 percent who just get it

我们都有10%的市场占有率，就是这么得来的，

That's about how we describe them, right

那就是我们如何描述的，对吗？

That's like that gut feeling(直觉) , oh they just get it

那就像直觉，哦，他们就是这么理解的。

The problem is how do you find the ones that " just get it" before you doing business with them versus the ones who don't get it

问题是，在你做生以前，相对于那些不理解的人，你是如何找到那些“就这么干吧”的人一起合作呢？

So it's this here, this little gap that you have to close, as Jeffrey Moore calls it crossing the chasm(跨越鸿沟)

所以，就是这里，你需要去填补的小鸿沟，就像Jeffrey Moore说的“跨越鸿沟”。

Because you see the early majority will not try something until someone else has tried it first

因为，直到有些人先尝试过了，你所看到的早期大多数才会去尝试。

And these guys, the innovators in the early adopters, they are comfortable making those gut decisions

然而这些家伙儿，早期接收者中的创新者，他们很舒服很享受做那些直觉决策。

They are more comfortable making those intuitive(直觉的) decisions that drive by what they believe about the world

他们很享受做那些，受他们世界观驱动的，直觉决策。

And not just what products is available

然而并不仅仅是什么产品是可以用的。

These are the people who stood in line for six hours to buy a iPhone when they first came out

当新机首发上市时，这些人会排队6 个小时买iphone

When you could've just walked into the store in the next week and bought one off the shelf

而你本可以在下周走进商店货架上买一个的。

These are the people who spent 40 000  dollars on the flat screen TVs when they first came out, even though the technology was substandard(不达标的)

这些是在平板电视首发时愿意花费40 000购买的人，即便技术还不达标。

And by the way, they don't do it because the technology was so great, they did it for themselves

顺便说一下，他们不是因为技术如此拽才买，而是因为他们自己，

it's because they wanted to be first

因为他们想要成为第一个。

People don't buy what you do, they buy why you do it And what you do simply proves what you believe

人们不会买你所做的，他们会买你为什做？ 你所做的直接证明你所信仰的。

In fact, people will do the things that prove what they believe

事实上，人们将会做那些可以证明他们所信仰的事情。

The reason a person bought the iPhone in the first six hours, stood in line for six hours, 

一个人排队留个小时购买IPhone的原因，

was because of what they believed about he world, and how they wanted every body to see them, was they were the first

就是因为他们的世界观，以及他们希望每个人看到他们的，他们都是第一个。

People don't buy what you do, they buy why you do it

人们不会买你所做的，而是买你为什么而做。

1 In a law of diffusion of innovation, what characterize the laggards

They are the last group to buy a new products

2 An intuitive decision is based onfeelings rather than facts

完形填空

3 They're more comfortable making those intuitive decision that are driven by what they believe about the world and not just what product is available

听 &  复述

4People will do the things that prove what they believe

“如果你能证明自己发疯，那就说明你没疯”。源出美国作家约瑟夫·赫勒（JosephHeller）根据自己在 第二次世界大战 中的亲身经历创作的黑色幽默小说 《第二十二条军规》 （1961）。这部小说太有影响了，以至于在当代美语中，Catch-22已作为一个独立的单词，使用频率极高，用来形容任何自相矛盾、不合逻辑的规定或条件所造成的无法摆脱的困境、难以逾越的障碍，表示人们处于左右为难的境地，或者是一件事陷入了死循环，或者跌进逻辑陷阱，等等。

当一个人一旦提出申请的时候，恰好了证明这个人是一个正常人，而“只有疯子才能获准免于飞行”，那么，这个人无法在疯了的时候提出申请，所以这个人还是在劫难逃，就不能免于飞行。

One of the most interesting books of the 20th century was the novel, Catch 22

In the novel, the term "a catch 22 situation" was introduced

20世纪最有趣的书之一是小说《第22条军规》。

在这部小说中，人们引入了“第22条军规左右为难”这一术语。

term

英 [tɜ:m]  美 [tɜ:rm] 

n术语;期限;学期;条款

vt把…称为;把…叫做

The term has nothing to do with catching anything

这个术语和抓住任何东西完全无关。

It has a much deeper meaning and it describes a kind of logical  conundrum  that's worth exploring

它有着更深刻的意义，它描述了一种值得探索的逻辑难题。

conundrum

英 [kəˈnʌndrəm]  美 [kəˈnʌndrəm] 

n谜语;难解的问题

First, it's important to put the phrase into context

首先，把这个短语放到上下文中很重要。

context

英 [ˈkɒntekst]  美 [ˈkɑ:ntekst] 

n语境;上下文;背景;环境

In the novel, a group of American bomber pilots is on an island in the  Mediterranean

在小说中，一群美国轰炸机飞行员在地中海得去的一个小岛上。

bomber

英 [ˈbɒmə(r)]  美 [ˈbɑ:mə(r)] 

n轰炸机;投d手

Mediterranean

英 [ˌmedɪtəˈreɪniən]  美 [ˌmɛdɪtəˈreniən, -ˈrenjən] 

adj地中海的;地中海地区的;地中海居民的

They face death almost every day when they fly their  bombing  missions

他们在执行轰炸任务时几乎每天都面临死亡。

Many have already lost their lives

许多已经失去了生命。

The remaining pilots know that it is only a matter of time before they will be the next  victims

剩下的飞行员知道他们成为下一个受害者只是时间问题。

One of the characters in the novel is a doctor

小说中的其中一个角色是医生。

It is his job to see that the pilots are fit to fly

他的工作是看飞行员是否适合飞行。

In  particular , there is a rule that says he has to  ground  anyone who is crazy

特别是，有一条规则说他必须让任何疯狂的人停飞。

To  ground  them means to remove them from  active duty  so that they don't fly

让他们停飞意味着把他们从现役中除掉，这他们就不会飞了。

active duty

英 [ˈæktiv ˈdju:ti]  美 [ˈæktɪv ˈduti] 

n现役

Some of the men believed in the  principles  that they were fighting for

有些人相信他们为之奋斗的原则。

They were willing to give their lives for their country

他们愿意为了自己的国家牺牲自己。

But to other, this was crazy

但是对其他人而言，这太疯狂了。

They thought the whole thing was insane

他们认为整件事情都是疯狂的。

insane

英 [ɪnˈseɪn]  美 [ɪnˈsen] 

adj疯狂的;精神病的;非常愚蠢的

One of them, Yossarian, wanted out

他们中有一个，Y，想要退出。

He was friends with the doctor, and he wanted the doctor to ground him

他是医生的朋友，他想医生让他停飞。

When Yossarian asked the doctor to ground him, the doctor replied: "You're wasting your time You're not crazy"

当Y请求医生让他停飞时，医生回答：“你是在浪费时间，你并没有疯。”

Yossarian told him to asked one of the other pilots, Clevinger, to tell him how crazy he was

Y告诉他，去请另外一个飞行员C，告诉他他是多么疯狂。

"There's no point He's crazy," the doctor replied 

“这没有意义，他是个疯子。”医生回答。

"Crazy people can't decide whether you're crazy or not"

“疯子并不能决定你是疯了还是没疯。”

"Clevinger isn't crazy! He's one of the sanest pilots here"

“C不是疯子，他是这里最理智的飞行员之一。”

sane

英 [seɪn]  美 [sen] 

adj明智的;稳健的;神志正常的;心智健全的

"So he's obviously out of his head,"said the Doc

“所以他显然是疯了，”医生说。

"He's got to be insane to keep on flying combat missions after all the close calls he's had"

他打了这么多近距离的电话后，还继续执行飞行作战任务，真是疯了。

combat

英 [ˈkɒmbæt]  美 [ˈkɑ:mbæt] 

n格斗，搏斗，战斗;〈美〉竞赛，比赛;论战

vt与…战斗;与…斗争;防止;减轻

"Well, if he's crazy, why don't you ground him"

如果他疯了，你为什么没有让他停飞。

"I can't unless he asks to be grounded That's part of the rule"

我不能，除非他自己要求停飞。这是军规的一部分。

"So all he has to do is ask"

所以他只需要请求停飞吗？

"No, then I can't ground him"

是的，如果他问了我就不能让他停飞。

"So there's a catch," said Yossarian, trying to get things straight

“所以，这里有一条规定，”Y说，想让事情变得直接点。

"Sure, there's a catch," said the Doc, with a slight smile

"Catch 22, if he asks then he can't be crazy Only those who are crazy are grounded"

第22条军规，如果他要求停飞的话，他就不可能疯。只有那些疯了的才能被停飞。

"That's some catch," observed  Yossarian

“那是军规的一部分。”Y评论到。

"It's the best there is," the Doc replied

“这是最好的部分。”医生回答。

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