DB2 DBA,如何解释DB2的业务价值

DB2 DBA,如何解释DB2的业务价值,第1张

冰箱压缩机EDW91A是125W。

压缩机在启动时,电机的电流会比额定电流高5-6倍,不但会影响电机的使用寿命而且消耗较多的电量,系统在设计道时在电机选型上会留有一定的余量,电机的速度是固定不变的,进行变频改造是非常有必要的。

变版频器可实现电机软启动、通过改变设备输入电压频率达到节能调速的目的,而且能给设备提供权过流、过压、过载保护功能。

扩展资料:

压缩机的规格是按输入功率来划分的。一般每种规格间相差 50W左右。另外,也有按气缸容积划分的。

主要性能:输入、输出功率,性能系数,制冷量,启动电流、运转电流、额定电压、频率,气缸容积,噪音等。衡量一种压缩机的性能,主要从重量、效率和噪音三个方面的比较。

按照中国标准,其安全性能检验是依据 GB470617-2004规定项目进行的。其中主要项目是电气强度、泄漏电流、堵转,以及过载运行试验等。

参考资料来源:百度百科-制冷压缩机

参考资料来源:百度百科-压缩机

什么才是大数据

大数据相关的技术和工具非常多,给企业提供了很多的选择。在未来,还会继续出现新的技术和工具,如Hadoop分发、下一代数据仓库等,这也是大数据领域的创新热点。但是什么才是大数据可能很多人会认为数据量大就是大数据,其实不然所谓大数据是结合数据的条数+单个数据文件的大小综合衡量得出,而这其中则包括如何快速精准定位到单条数据和快速传输数据等多项相关技术。

那么我们企业到底该选用什么技术?才能保证我们的系统或者软件摆脱大数据的瓶颈呢?

可能大家都知道TDWI(数据仓库研究所)对现有的大部分技术和工具进行了调查,以现在及未来三年内企业接受度和增长率两个维度进行划分,这些技术和工具可分成四类。

从中分析得出企业最需要关注的是第1类中的技术和工具,它们最有可能成为最佳的实施工具,有很多人认为这代表了大数据技术的发展方向。我们认为这是一个误区。

对于我们真实使用及使用过程中,只有基于云的数据分析及分布式平台进行数据处理才能趋于完善。

很多企业越来越希望能将自己的各类应用程序及基础设施转移到云平台上。就像其他IT系统那样,大数据的分析工具和数据库也将走向云计算。云计算不单单是硬件的叠加,它必须结合分布式内核调用和内存计算,同时如果你想更快速的定位那就需要将算法迁入其中。

云计算能为大数据带来哪些变化呢

首先云计算为大数据提供了可以d性扩展、相对便宜的存储空间和计算资源(请记住这不单单说的是硬件的叠加,我们的要考虑的是软件层面的控制和管理,线程池/内存锁/域空间/层级都是必可少的考虑因素),使得中小企业也可以像亚马逊一样通过云计算来完成大数据分析。

其次,云计算IT资源庞大、分布较为广泛,是异构系统较多的企业及时准确处理数据的有力方式,甚至是唯一的方式。(此时的传输效率就会成为我们应该去考虑的问题,量子数据传输系统为我么提供了非常好的解决方案)

当然,大数据要走向云计算,还有赖于数据通信带宽的提高和云资源池的建设,需要确保原始数据能迁移到云环境以及资源池可以随需d性扩展。

数据分析集逐步扩大,企业级数据仓库将成为主流如现有的NOSQL,内存性数据库等,更加便宜和迅速,成为企业业务经营的好助手,甚至可以改变许多行业的经营方式。

舆情早报网大数据的商业模式与架构

我们不得不承认云计算及其分布式结构是重要途径大数据处理技术正在改变目前计算机的运行模式,正在改变着这个世界:它能处理几乎各种类型的海量数据,无论是微博、文章、电子邮件、文档、音频、视频,还是其它形态的数据;它工作的速度非常快速:实际上几乎实时;它具有普及性:因为它所用的都是最普通低成本的硬件,而云计算它将计算任务分布在大量计算机构成的资源池上,使用户能够按需获取计算力、存储空间和信息服务。云计算及其技术给了人们廉价获取巨量计算和存储的能力,云计算分布式架构能够很好地支持大数据存储和处理需求。这样的低成本硬件+低成本软件+低成本运维,更加经济和实用,使得大数据处理和利用成为可能。但这只是从投入来说我们可以有更多的d性。

大数据的存储和管理----云数据库的必然

很多人认为NoSQL就是云数据库,因为其处理数据的模式完全是分布于各种低成本服务器和存储磁盘,因此它可以帮助网页和各种交互性应用快速处理过程中的海量数据。

它采用分布式技术结合了一系列技术,可以对海量数据进行实时分析,满足了大数据环境下一部分业务需求。

但我说这是一个错误,至少不是完整的,不能或无法彻底解决大数据存储管理需求。不可否认云计算对关系型数据库的发展将产生巨大的影响,而绝大多数大型业务系统(如银行、证券交易等)、电子商务系统所使用的数据库还是基于关系型的数据库,随着云计算的大量应用,势必对这些系统的构建产生影响,进而影响整个业务系统及电子商务技术的发展和系统的运行模式。

而基于关系型数据库服务的云数据库产品将是云数据库的主要发展方向,云数据库(CiiDB),提供了海量数据的并行处理能力和良好的可伸缩性等特性,提供同时支持在在线分析处理( CRD)和在线事务处理(CRD) 能力,提供了超强性能的数据库云服务,并成为集群环境和云计算环境的理想平台。它是一个高度可扩展、安全和可容错的软件系统,客户能通过整合降低IT成本,管理位于多个数据,提高所有应用程序的性能和实时性做出更好的业务决策服务。

我们认为CII分布式结构粒度数据结构数据仓库才是大数据处理的未来。它包含量子数据传输系统(有效解决数据传输的瓶颈)/高效压缩系统(压缩比例128:1)/云智能粒度层级分布式系统。

当人们从大数据分析中尝到甜头以后,数据分析集就会逐步扩大。目前大部分的企业所分析的数据量一般以TB为单位。按照目前数据的发展速度,很快将会进入PB时代。特别是目前在100-500TB和500+TB范围的分析数据集的数量会呈3倍或4倍增长。

随着数据分析集的扩大,以前部门层级的数据集市将不能满足大数据分析的需求,它们将成为企业级数据库(EDW)的一个子集。有一部分用户已经在使用企业级数据仓库,未来这一占比将会更高。传统分析数据库可以正常持续,但是会有一些变化,一方面,数据集市和 *** 作性数据存储(ODS)的数量会减少,另一方面,传统的数据库厂商会提升它们产品的数据容量,细目数据和数据类型,以满足大数据分析的需要。

这就是我们所说的分布式结构粒度数据结构数据仓库,而如何做好大数据处理,舆情早报网已经做到了。

但是,如果谈话的对方是管理层的成员,那么会怎么样公司管理者们关心的主要问题是收入的增长、成本控制、产品质量和产品投入市场的时间。一般来说,这些人并不关心锁的粒度、服务器内存管理和 SQL 语句优化这样的技术问题。他们并不关心 DB2 技术本身的特色(尽管 DB2 技术是很酷的),而是关心 DB2 对于实现组织目标能够有哪些作用。本文将帮助使用 DB2 的人从业务价值的角度讨论 DB2 技术。 许多技术人员可以轻松地讨论 DB2 技术的细节,很自信地谈论查询并行化、数据压缩、WebSphere MQ 集成、大对象管理、JDBC 和 ADONet 驱动程序、大型机 Parallel Sysplex 上的数据共享、DB2 for Linux, Unix, and Windows(LUW)多维集群等等话题。但是,如果谈话的对方是管理层的成员,那么会怎么样公司管理者们关心的主要问题是收入的增长、成本控制、产品质量和产品投入市场的时间。一般来说,这些人并不关心锁的粒度、服务器内存管理和 SQL 语句优化这样的技术问题。他们并不关心 DB2 技术本身的特色(尽管 DB2 技术是很酷的),而是关心 DB2 对于实现组织目标能够有哪些作用。日常使用 DB2 的任何人都应该能够从业务价值的角度讨论 DB2 技术。 通过我在 CheckFree Corp 的经验,我总结出了一个关键领域列表,在这些领域中 DB2 技术可以提供业务人员能够感受到的价值。 可伸缩性 vs 随着业务增长 单服务器 DB2 系统(无论是运行在大型机上,还是运行在高端 Linux、Unix 或 Windows 服务器上)可以为 OLTP、业务智能(BI)或组合工作负载提供巨大的吞吐量。吞吐量大主要是由于 DB2 利用了 64 位服务器内存寻址、新颖的 I/O 优化特性(比如列表预获取)、预优化的 SQL(DB2 专业人员将其称为静态 SQL)以及高级工作负载管理功能。但是,在扩张迅速的业务环境中,数据访问请求量会快速增长,单服务器系统的能力可能不足以处理未来的请求量。业务领导肯定不希望业务的增长受到数据服务器可伸缩性的限制。这就是规模扩展(scale-out)的重要之处,而可伸缩性正是 DB2 真正占据优势的领域。 在这个上下文中,“规模扩展” 这个词指的是能够将针对单一逻辑映像数据库的工作负载分散到多个物理服务器上。有两个 DB2 规模扩展解决方案:大型机集群(称为 Parallel Sysplex)上的数据共享和在 Linux、Unix 或 Windows 服务器集群上实现的 Data Partitioning Feature(DPF)。这两种技术都是在行业中领先的技术。DB2 for z/OS 数据共享能够支持企业从最多 32 个 DB2 子系统对一个共享数据库进行并发读/写访问(这些子系统可以运行在许多大型机系统上,也可以运行在少量物理服务器上,每个服务器上有多个 DB2 子系统)。这个解决方案不是市场上惟一的共享数据 DBMS 规模扩展解决方案,但是其他任何技术都无法提供 DB2 for z/OS 数据共享组这样好的 CPU 效率(真正并发的节点间读/写数据访问的 CPU 开销非常低)。 带DPF 功能的 DB2 能够在 Linux、Unix 或 Windows 环境中提供无以伦比的规模扩展能力。可以在一个 DB2 DPF 系统中配置数以百计的服务器;每个服务器提供对单一逻辑映像数据库的一个物理子集的访问(一个散列算法将给定的数据库表的行分散到 DBA 指定的节点上)。市场上也有其他的非共享(shared-nothing) DBMS 规模扩展解决方案,但是其他解决方案都无法像带 DPF 功能的 DB2 那样兼具易用性和灵活性,因为 DPF 功能是嵌入在 DB2 for LUW 数据服务引擎中的。 对于共享数据和非共享 DBMS 体系结构孰优孰劣的问题,人们还在争论;但是,这两种 DB2 解决方案对于底层服务器平台都是非常合适的。DB2 for z/OS 数据共享的 CPU 开销非常低,这是因为它使用的函数以优化的方式分散在整个 Parallel Sysplex 软件结构中:z/OS *** 作系统、DB2 DBMS、Coupling Facility Control Code(它管理全局锁和数据缓冲所用的共享内存结构)以及 CICS 事务管理器或 DB2 Connect 分布式客户机网关(如果配置中有这些组件的话)。这种优化是可行的,因为 DB2 for z/OS 数据共享只需要使用一个 *** 作系统和一个芯片组(IBM System z 微处理器)。在 DB2 for LUW 环境中不可能进行这样的功能分布,因为这样的环境需要支持多个 *** 作系统和多个服务器硬件平台;因此,DB2 for LUW 规模扩展解决方案基于最佳的非共享集群技术。无论采用哪种方式,组织都会得到所希望的效果:DBMS 不会阻碍业务的增长。 效率vs 降低总体拥有成本 在评估各种数据服务解决方案的相关费用时,人们往往关注获得硬件和软件许可证的费用。软件和硬件的价格固然重要,但是在与 DBMS 相关的总拥有成本(TCO)中这只占很少的一部分。影响成本的其他因素包括: 管理数据库系统所需的人数; 使用硬件资源(CPU 和硬盘存储)的效率; 技术的培训费用; 让企业中的不同数据库系统一起工作的难度; 先说说 DB2 for z/OS,因为某些范围内它可以替代非常昂贵的基于大型机的解决方案。下面一些因素可以影响 System z 平台上的成本控制: 规模经济 在DB2 for z/OS 系统上,可以处理非常大的工作负载;即使一连几小时处于 90% 以上的利用率,数据服务大型机也能够顺利地运行。随着事务处理量的增长,平台的单个事务成本会显著降低。 性价比趋势 尽管System z 平台是一种相当昂贵的系统(因为它提供了尖端的硬件和软件技术),但是在过去几年中,单位计算能力(通常用每秒百万指令数或 MIPS 来衡量)的成本已经下降了。无论是来自 IBM 还是其他厂商的大型机软件,其价格也比以前更有竞争力了。 可管理性 组织可以在大型机 DB2 系统上处理非常大的工作负载,而不需要大量的支持人员。DB2 for z/OS 系统程序员和 DBA 具有令人吃惊的生产效率的原因之一是,许多公司提供了丰富的大型机 DB2 工具;与之相关的另一个好处是,DB2 for z/OS 会产生丰富的跟踪数据,前面提到的工具可以对这些数据进行格式化,而且成本往往非常低。DB2 for z/OS 支持人员还可以获益于某些平台特性,比如系统管理的存储,这个特性能够让 z/OS *** 作系统在硬盘子系统中放置表和索引数据集(数据库越大,系统管理的存储的人员效率优势就越显著)。 数据存储的空间效率高 DB2 for z/OS 服务器硬件可以帮助进行数据压缩,这可以将表空间存储的硬盘空间需求降低 50%以上(我们在 CheckFree 常常观察到 70% 或更好的压缩效果,因为我们的表往往具有很长的行;长行的压缩率一般好于短行)。由于 DB2 9 中的改进,在 Linux、Unix 和 Windows 服务器上数据压缩效果也很好了。 自治是什么意思这个词是指 DB2 能够自行完成以前需要 DBA 执行的大量工作。我们在 CheckFree 发现,通过使用 DB2 Design Advisor(DB2 for LUW 中内置的自治特性之一),效率得到了极大提高。Design Advisor 会分析与 DB2 工作负载相关联的 SQL 语句,并为改进应用程序性能提出建议。我们的基于 AIX 的企业数据仓库(EDW)使用带 DPF 功能的 DB2,Design Advisor 对这个数据库提出了修改某些表索引的建议,其效果让我们非常满意。 最后,还有协作方面的好处。CheckFree 的 IT 基础设施有意地设计成包含多个平台(我们常常说的一句话是,“使用正确的工具完成工作”)。在我们最大的部门中,核心业务应用程序运行在一个大型机 parallel sysplex 上。这个部门的 *** 作数据存储(ODS)运行在一个单独的 System z 服务器上。我们的 EDW 运行在 IBM pSeries 服务器集群上,CRM 应用程序运行在一个单独的 Sun Solaris 服务器上。这些系统有什么共同点它们都是基于 DB2 的。DBMS 具有共同的 “基因”,这会简化平台之间的数据转移,并增强人员配置的灵活性。最近,我们的大型机 DB2 团队中 DBA 人员过剩(尽管这些系统已经增长了,这是一种便于管理的环境),而快速增长的 EDW 需要更多的 DBA 人力资源。我们让一位 DB2 for z/OS DBA 转入了 DB2 for LUW 团队,他很快就适应了新的岗位。DB2 for z/OS 和 DB2 for LUW 之间存在 DBA 能够察觉到的差异吗确实有差异,但是与 DB2 for z/OS 和在分布式系统服务器上运行的非 DB2 DBMS 之间的差异相比,这些差异是很小的。 高可用性 vs 拿起电话话筒就能听到拨号音 在CheckFree,我们一直在为应用程序的可用性而努力。我们希望应用程序的可用性像电话拨号音那样持续不断,当您拿起电话话筒时,就一定会听到拨号音。DB2 能够提供这样的可用性。单服务器 DB2 系统已经能够提供极其出色的可用性;多服务器配置甚至能够进一步提高可用性标准。 前面作为规模扩展解决方案提到了 parallel sysplex 上的 DB2 for z/OS 数据共享,这种技术也能够在两个方面提高可用性: 减小服务意外中断的影响 如果数据共享组中的一个 DB2 子系统失败了(无论是由于服务器、 *** 作系统还是 DB2 故障),那么并不需要等待替代服务器接管这个子系统的数据库连接。组中的其他成员已经能够访问数据库,工作负载会自动地从失败的子系统转移到其他 DB2 系统上。失败并非毫无影响,因为在失败的 DB2 子系统重新启动之前,这个成员上运行的程序正在更新的数据库页面是不可访问的;但是,在通常情况下,处于这种状态的数据库页面所占的百分比非常小,子系统的恢复是自动的(如果 “主” 服务器和 *** 作系统仍然可用,那么会 “就地” 恢复;否则,在 sysplex 中的另一个服务器上恢复)而且很快(在我们的环境中大约需要 90 秒)。与单独的系统环境相比,数据共享组中的 DB2 失败的影响要小得多。几个月前,我们的生产数据共享组中发生了一次 DB2 for z/OS 故障,但是客户都没有察觉到。 几乎完全消除有计划的服务中断 因为数据共享为所有 DB2 成员提供对数据库中所有数据的读/写访问,所以可以让一个 DB2 子系统临时停止运行,对它进行软件维护,然后让它重新运行,这个过程不会中断应用程序的处理(当一个 DB2 成员停止运行时,应用程序通信量会转给组中的其他成员)。这种功能让我们能够自由地对数据共享组进行维护,而不需要指定维护时间窗。 DB2 对于业务的意义 如果需要用业务人员能够理解的方式讨论 DB2,那么可以试试下面这些词汇。 可伸缩性:DB2 可以随着业务而增长,而不是限制业务的发展; 效率:DB2 可以降低数据服务平台的总拥有成本(TCO),而数据服务平台是组织的应用程序的基础。降低 TCO 就相当于增加收入; 服务质量:DB2 技术可以减少有计划的应用程序系统中断,还可以缩小意外服务中断的影响和范围。因此,能够提高服务质量和客户忠诚度; 敏捷性:DB2 为访问和管理传统数据和非结构化数据提供了众多可选方法;这种灵活性可以帮助组织对市场机遇做出快速响应。 对于LUW 环境,DB2 提供了一个多服务器解决方案,这个方案能够提供更高的可用性,但它使用的是在非大型机环境中更有意义的非共享体系结构。这个解决方案称为 High Availability Disaster Recovery(HADR),它可以维护 DB2 for LUW 数据库的一个拷贝(使用单独的服务器和硬盘存储),这个拷贝与主数据库保持精确的同步。HADR 的实现方法是,不断地将事务日志记录发送给备用服务器,备用服务器实时地处理这些记录。这种方法会让备用数据库与主数据库同步,而且更新过的页面的内存页面缓冲区也与主服务器上的缓冲区保持一致。因此,在主系统发生故障时,备用系统会非常快速地接管(通常只需要几秒),而且不会丢失已经提交的数据库更新。HADR 还可以按照异步模式运行,这种模式适合长距离数据更新复制,在可以接受少量数据损失的情况下,这可以提供灾难恢复功能。 HADR 也可以减少有计划的服务中断时间,因为它使 DB2 for LUW 的维护几乎不需要维护时间窗。为使用 HADR 实现这种效果,DBA 应该临时终止从主服务器到备用服务器的日志记录流,在备用服务器上应用并激活软件补丁,重新启动日志的传输,恢复同步(这个 “追赶期” 通常非常短);然后,通过一次用户发起的接管,交换主服务器和备用服务器的角色(这个过程应该只需要花几秒时间)。在此之后,重复前面的步骤,在 HADR 配置中原来的主服务器(现在的备用服务器)上应用并激活软件补丁。 敏捷性 vs 对新的需求做出快速响应 DB2 能够帮助组织对挑战和机遇做出快速响应,因为它能够提供多个访问 DB2 数据库中的数据的路径。您希望从 Java 应用程序访问数据吗没问题:DB2 提供了 JDBC 驱动程序并支持 SQLJ,因此能够在 Java 应用程序中使用嵌入的预绑定的 SQL 语句。数据请求来自 Windows 系统上运行的 Net 应用服务器吗DB2 提供了 ADONet 驱动程序,并与 Microsoft 的 Visual Studio 应用程序开发工具集成。您希望使用服务器端 SQL 吗DB2 存储过程可以用几种编程语言来编写(包括 Java),也可以采用 SQL 存储过程的形式。在大型机环境中广泛使用的 CICS 和 IMS Transaction Manager 程序可以提供更多的服务器端 SQL 方式。对于文件处理这样的任务,批处理程序具有很高的效率。 通过DB2 与 IBM WebSphere MQ(一种消息排队和传递技术)的集成,应用程序开发的灵活性会得到进一步增强。将 MQ 插入基于 DB2 的基础结构中是一种增强系统d性的好方法:如果应用程序的 “处理消息” 的组件不可用(由于故障或有计划的停机),那么从客户机系统收到的消息就会累积在队列中,当不可用的应用程序组件再次联机时,它会继续从队列中获取消息。从发送消息的用户或客户机应用程序的角度来看,并没有出现服务中断。MQ 队列还有助于控制大幅度变化的工作负载量,其作用就像是汽车引擎散热器的附属水箱:消息处理应用程序可以按照自己的节奏处理消息;如果消息到达的速度超过了处理消息的速度,那么消息就会累积在队列中,而不会造成 “目标” 服务器过载。DB2 和 MQ 组合的优点还包括:协调的提交和回退(如果程序在 DB2 表中插入一行并在 MQ 队列中放一个消息,那么当这个程序失败时,DB2 和 MQ 更改会回退到最近的提交点);DB2 函数支持程序使用 SQL 语句与 MQ 交互;MQ 实用程序与 DB2 实用程序非常相似,因此 DB2/MQ 的交叉培训非常容易。 数据级别上的灵活性怎么样呢DB2 可以存储和管理传统的文本和数字数据,还可以非常高效地管理大对象(LOB),比如文档、图像和音频文件。DB2 9 引入了先进的 XML 数据存储特性,在存储 XML 文档时可以保留数据元素的结构特性,还可以使用 SQL 或 XQuery 高效地访问数据。当然,可以在 DBMS 之外存储 LOB 和 XML 文档;但是,将这些数据类型存储在 DB2 中,就可以为集成数据管理、安全性以及备份和恢复提供一个现成的解决方案。其结果是,管理和保护数据所需的时间更少了,可以留出更多的时间来开发使用数据的应用程序。 技术的最终目的 我很喜欢谈论在各个平台上 DB2 中使用的高级技术。但是,技术必须能够帮助我的公司实现业务目标;否则,就是浪费资金。大多数业务人员对 IT 产品的要求只有几点:产品必须能够工作(可靠性),它们不能限制公司在市场上的作为(增长和创新)。DB2 在 CheckFree 的各个平台和应用环境中表现出了这些品质。业务人员需要的就是这些;技术人员请务必注意这一点。

DB2数据库为何在金融领域应用如此广泛?在我接触过的银行用户中,绝大部分都在使用IBM DB2数据库产品,当然还是有一大批证劵公司也在使用。给我印象最为深刻的一次是在深圳办的一场DB2技术专家沙龙,那次来的基本上都银行用户和证劵用户。当时,就在想,DB2数据库产品在金融领域应用咋那么广呢?

在开始这个讨论之前,我也问了一些朋友,问他们是什么原因导致了这一事实的发生,其中有人回答是历史原因,也有人回答是因为DB2数据库产品好。当然,众多金融客户选择DB2数据库产品,肯定是有各自的原因,历史原因也罢,功能强大、性能稳定也罢,肯定各有说词。不过我们可以想象一下,对于金融用户来说,每天所产生的数据都非常多,且复杂,而且这些数据都相当重要,来不到半点马虎。因此,他们在选择数据库产品的时候,自然是分外小心,不敢怠慢。另外,作为一家金融企业,在IT上的预算肯定也比较充足,所以产品的价格自然不是他们担心的问题(当然,这只是一种猜测!)。这样再分析原因的时候,我们就把重点放在了DB2数据库的性能和稳定性上。那么,究竟是不是了DB2数据库的性能和稳定性导致了它在金融领域的应用如此广泛呢,我不得而知!

针对这个‘DB2数据库为何在金融领域应用如此广泛?’的疑问,是一个值得我们思索的过程。但至于是什么真正的原因导致的,我这主题中就不详细聊了,因为我的答案都是来源于大家,只有有了大家的支持,这个答案才会日渐丰富,日渐完善。

DB2的并发性、稳定性、扩展性这些都做得不错,

金融行业很多业务是实时性交易很强的系统它们追求的是系统的稳定性,性能好,支持高并发、安全性高

所以选择ORACLE、DB2这类数据库等等

主要是用DB2 在用AIX系统 本身兼容性又好吧这样稳定性更强,而且DB2 刚开始打开市场时是免费使用的

在金融行业,大家知道数据量大,数据复杂,更新频繁,把大量而且关系复杂的数据进行整合,二次加工,做个决策分析,这些工作的前提都是要有一个稳定高效的数据库。IBM DB2具有很好的安全性,数据可移植性,其他数据库数据可以移植过来,又善于处理关系复杂的数据,而且速度快,连接方式灵活,可通过 ODBC、JBDC、网络服务、本地客户机或异步客户机接口来实现,总之,相对其他数据库DB2具有明显的优势,正好符合银行的要求。

金融行业使用 DB2 可能是有其历史原因的, 因为金融行业本身用 IBM 的主机就比较多 :)

还是听金融行业的兄弟们站出来说句吧

大家好

在金融行业中,我想大部分的业务系统使用的是DB2,而绝大部分的经营分析系统用的是teradata,我所知道就有工行,建行,中行,光大,浦发,民生,邮政银行等等,IBM的产品一贯是安全性的代表,在银行交易数据极其重要的前提下,选择DB2是一个不错的选择,同时,DB2的大数据处理速度也仅次于teradata,另外很多银行的硬件选择了IBM的大机,自然iBM的软件产品也是他们考虑的重中之重,至于teradata,在成功实施了walmart,ebay等超大的数据仓库后,在入主中国也强势地拿下了近10省的移动的经分系统和移动集团公司的经分系统,同时又很成功的实施了上海证交所的DW,这些事实的确证明了他们是数据仓库行业的领导者,如果不缺钱,我相信选择teradata做构建EDW是一个不错的选择!

我认为主要有以下几点:

1、历史原因

金融行业对于数据安全和系统可用性要求很高,因此,选用IBM主机的颇多。而DB2最初就是建立在主机 *** 作系统上的,毫无疑问,是与IBM主机配合最好的数据库产品,所以自然就会选择DB2数据库。由于对DB2比较熟悉,在开放式系统上也就选择了DB2数据库。

2、IBM技术支持和售后服务做的很好,产品性价比较高

根据我个人的亲身体验,IBM能够根据客户的需求进行电话或者现场技术支持,能够根据客户要求参与项目建设,与ORACLE相比,售后服务价格相对较低。

3、产品自身为用户提供了较多的监控和分析工具,便于用户自己进行问题诊断和性能优化

Far and away the most important holiday in China is Spring Festival, also known as the Chinese New Year To the Chinese people it is as important as Christmas to people in the West The dates for this annual celebration are determined by the lunar calendar rather than the Gregorian calendar, so the timing of the holiday varies from late January to early February

To the ordinary Chinese, the festival actually begins on the eve of the lunar New Year's Day and ends on the fifth day of the first month of the lunar calendar But the 15th of the first month, which normally is called the Lantern Festival, means the official end of the Spring Festival in many parts of the country

Preparations for the New Year begin the last few days of the last moon, when houses are thoroughly cleaned, debts repaid, hair cut and new clothes purchased Houses are festooned with paper scrolls bearing auspicious antithetical couplet (as show on both side of the page) and in many homes, people burn incense at home and in the temples to pay respects to ancestors and ask the gods for good health in the coming months

"Guo Nian," meaning "passing the year," is the common term among the Chinese people for celebrating the Spring Festival It actually means greeting the new year At midnight at the turn of the old and new year, people used to let off fire-crackers which serve to drive away the evil spirits and to greet the arrival of the new year In an instant the whole city would be engulfed in the deafening noise of the firecrackers

On New Year's Eve, all the members of families come together to feast Jiaozi, a steamed dumpling as pictured below, is popular in the north, while southerners favor a sticky sweet glutinous rice pudding called nian gao

"CHRISTMAS (ie the Mass of Christ), in the Christian Church, the festival of the nativity of Jesus Christ The history of this feast coheres so closley with that of Epiphany (qv), that what follows must be read in connexion with the article under that heading

The earliest body of gospel tradition, represented by Mark no less than by the primitive non-Marcan document embodied in the first and third gospels, begins, not with the birth and childhood of Jesus, but with his baptism; and this order of accretion of gospel matter is faithfully reflected in the time order of the invention of feasts The great church adopted Christmas much later than Epiphany; and before the 5th cntury there was no general consensus of opinion as to when it should come in the calendar, whether on the 6th of January, or the 25th of March, or the 25th of December

The earliest identification of the 25th of December with the birthday of Christ is in a passage otherwise unknown and probably spurious, of Theophilus of Antioch (AD 171-183), preserved in Latin by the Magdeburg centuriators (i3, 118), to the effect that the Gauls contended that as they celebrated the birth of the Lord on the 25th of December, whatever day of the week it might be, so they ought to celebrate the Pascha on the 25th of March when the resurrection befell

The next mention of the 25th of December is in Hippolytus' (c 202) commentary on Daniel iv23 Jesus, he says, was born at Bethlehem on the 25th of December, a Wednesday, in the forty-second year of Augustus This passage also is almost certainly interpolated In any case he mentions no feat, nor was such a feast congruous with the orthodox ideas of that age As late as 245 Origen, in his eighth homily on Leviticus, repudiates as sinful the very idea of keeping the birthday of Christ "as if he were a king Pharoah" The first certain mention of Dec 25 is in a Latin chronographer of AD 354, first published entire by Mommsen [1--In the _Abhandlungen der sachsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften_ (1895) Note that in AD 1, Dec 25 was a Sunday and not a Friday] It runs thus in English:

"Year 1 after Christ, in the consulate of Caesar and Paulus, the Lord Jesus Christ was born on the 25th of December, a Friday and 15th day of the new moon" Here again no festal celebration of the day is attested

There were, however many speculations in the 2nd century about the date of Christ's birth Clement of Alexandria, towards its close, mentions several such, and condemns them as superstitions Some chronologists, he says, alleged the birth to have occurred in the twenty-eighth year of Augustus, on the 25th of Pachon, the Egyptian month, ie the 20th of May These were probably the Basilidian gnostics Others set it on the 24th or 25th of Pharmuthi, ie, the 19th or 20th of April Clement himself sets it on the 17th of November, 3 BC The author of a Latin tract, called the _De Pascha computus_, written in Africa in 243, sets it by private revelation, _ab ipso deo inspirati_, on the 28th of March He argues that the world was created perfect, flowers in bloom, and trees in leaf, therefore in spring; also at the equinox, and when the moon just created was full Now the moon and sun were created on a Wednesday The 28th of March suits all these considerations Christ, therefore, being the Sun of Righteousness, was born on the 28th of March

The same symbolical reasoning led Polycarp [2--In a fragment preserved by an Armenian writer, Ananias of Shirak] (before 160) to set his birth on Sunday, when the world's creation began, but his baptism on Wednesday, for it was the analogue of the sun's creation On such grounds certain Latins as early as 354 may have transferred the human birthday from the 6th of January to the 25th of December, which was then a Mithraic feast and is by the chronographer above referred to, but in another part of his compilation, termed _Natilis invicti solis_, or birthday of the unconquered Sun Cyprian (_de orat dem_ 35) calls Christ _Sol verus_, Ambrose _Sol novus noster_ (Sermo vii 13), and such rhetoric was widespread

The Syrians and Armenians, who clung to the 6th of January, accused the Romans of sun-worship and idolatry, contending with great probability that the feast of the 25th of December had been invented by disciples of Cerinthus and its lections by Artemon to commemorate the _natural_ birth of Jesus Chrysostom also testifies the 25th of December to have been from the beginning known in the West, from Thrace even as far as Gades Ambrose, _On Virgins_, iii ch 1, writing to his sister, implies that as late as the papacy of Liberius 352-356, the Birth from the Virgin was feasted together with the Marriage of Cana and the Banquet of the 4000 (Luke ix13), which were never feasted on any other day but Jan 6

Chrysostom, in a seermon preached at Antioch on Dec 20, 386 or 388, says that some held the feast of Dec 25 to have been held in the West, from Thrace as far as Cadiz, from the beginning It certainly originated in the West, but spread quickly eastwards In 353-361 it was observed at the court of Constantius Basil of Caesarea (died 379) adopted it Honorius, emperor (395-423) in the West, informed his mother and brother Arcadius (395-408) in Byzantium of how the new feast was kept in Rome, separate from the 6th of January, with its own _troparia_ and _sticharia_

They adopted it, and recommended it to Chryostom, who had long been in favour of it, as were the other three patriarchs, Theophilus of Alexandria, John of Jerusalem, and Flavian of Antioch This was under Pope Anastasius, 398-400 John or Wahan of Nice, in a letter printed by Combefis in his _Historia monothelitarum_, affords the above details The new feast was communicated by Proclus, patriarch of Constantinople (434-446), to Sahak, Catholicos of Armenia, about 440 The letter was betrayed to the Persian king, who accused Sahak of Greek intrigues, and deposed him However, the Armenians, at least those within the Byzantine pale, adopted it for about thirty years, but finally abandoned it together with the decrees of Chalcedon early in the 8th century

Many writers of the period 375-450, eg Epiphanius, Cassian, Asterius, Basil, Chrysostom and Jerome, contrast the new feast with that of the Baptism as that of the birth _after the flesh_, from which we infer that the latter was generally regarded as a birth according to the Spirit Instructive as showing that the new feast travelled from West eastwards is the fact (noticed by Usener) that in 387 the new feast was reckoned according to the Julian calandar by writers of the province of Asia, who in referring to other feasts use the reckoning of their local calendars As early as 400 in Rome an imperial rescript includes Christmas among the three feasts (the others are Easter and Epiphany) on which theatres must be closed Epiphany and Christmas were not made judicial _sine dies_ until 534

For some years in the West (as late as 353 in Rome) the birth feast was appended to the baptismal feast on the 6th of January, and in Jerusalem it altogether supplanted it from almost 360 to 440, when Bishop Juvenal introduced the feast of the 25th of December The new feast was about the same time (440) finally established in Alexandria The _quadregesima_ of Epiphany (ie, the feast of the presentation in the Temple, or _hupapante_) continued to be celebrated in Jerusalem on the 14th of February, forty days afer the 6th of January, until the reign of Justinian In most other places it had long before been put back to the 2nd of February to suit the new Christmas Armenian historians describe the riots, and display of armed force, without which Justinian was not able in Jerusalem to transfer this feast from the 14th to the 2nd of February

The grounds on which the Church introduced so late as 350-440 a Christmas feast till then unknown, or, if known, precariously linked with the baptism, seem in the main to have been the following: (1) The transition from adult to infant baptism was proceeding rapidly in the East, and in the West was well-nigh completed Its natural complement was a festal recognition of the fact that the divine element was present in Christ from the first, and was no new stage of spiritual promotion coeval only with the descent of the Spirit upon him at baptism

The general adoption of child baptism helped to extinguish the old view that the divine life in Jesus dated from his baptism, a view which led the Epiphany feast to be regarded as that of Jesus' spiritual rebirth (2) The 4th century witnessed a rapid diffusion of Marcionite, or, as it was now called, Manichaean propaganda, the chief tenet of which was that Jesus either was not born at all, was a mere phantasm, or anyhow did not take flesh of the Virgin Mary Against this view the new Christmas was a protest, since it was peculiarly the feast of his birth in the flesh, or as a man, and is constantly spoken of as such by the fathers who witnessed its institution

In Britain the 25th of December was a festival long before the conversion to Christianity, for Bede (_De temp rat_ ch 13) relates that "the ancient people of the Angli began the year on the 25th of December when we now celebrate the birthday of the Lord; and the very night which is now so holy to us, they called in their tongue _modranecht (modra niht)_, that is, the mothers' night, by reason we suspect of the ceremonies which in that night-long vigil they performed" With his usual reticence about matters pagan or not orthodox, Bede abstains from recording who the mothers were and what the ceremonies In 1644 the English puritans forbad any merriment or religious services by act of Parliament, on the ground that it was a heathen festival, and ordered it to be kept as a fast Charles II revived the feast, but the Scots adhered to the Puritan view

Outside Teutonic countries presents are unknown Their place is taken in Latin countries by the _strebae_, French e'trennes_, given on the 1st of January; this was in antiquity a great holiday, wherefore until late in the 4th century the Christians kept it as a day of fasting and gloom The setting up in Latin churches of a Christmas _cr`eche_ is said to have been originated by St Francis

AUTHORITIES -- KAH Kellner, _Heortologie_ (Freiburg im Br, 1906), with Bibliography; Hospinianus, _De festis Christianorum_ (Geneva, 1574); Edw Mart`ene, _De Antiquis Ecclesiae Ritibus_, iii31 (Bassani, 1788); JCW Augusti, _Christl Archaologie_, vols i and v (Leipzig, 1817- 1831); A J Benterim, Denkwurdigkeiten_, v pt i p 528 (Mainz, 1825, &c); Ernst Friedrich Wernsdorf, _De originibus Solemnium Natalis Christi_ (Wittenberg, 1757, and in JE Volbeding, _Thesaurus Commentationum_, Leipzig, 1847); Anton Bynaeus, _De Natali Jesu Christi_ (Amsterdam, 1689); Hermann Usener, _Religionsgeschichtlicke Untersuchungen_ (Bonn, 1889); Nik Niles, SJ, _Kalendarium Manuale_ (Innsbruck, 1896); L Duschesne, _Origines du culte chre'tien_ (3e e'd, Paris, 1889)

-- Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, MA, DTh (Giessen) Fellow of the British Academy Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford Author of _The Ancient Armenian Texts of Aristotle_; _Myth, Magic and Morals_; &c"

12月25日,是基督教徒纪念耶稣诞生的日子,称为圣诞节。

从12月24日于翌年1月6日为圣诞节节期。节日期间,各国基督教徒都举行隆重的纪念仪式。圣诞节本来是基督教徒的节日,由于人们格外重视,它便成为一个全民性的节日,是西方国家一年中最盛大的节日,可以和新年相提并论,类似我国过春节。

西方人以红、绿、白三色为圣诞色,圣诞节来临时家家户户都要用圣诞色来装饰。红色的有圣诞花和圣诞蜡烛。绿色的是圣诞树。它是圣诞节的主要装饰品,用砍伐来的杉、柏一类呈塔形的常青树装饰而成。上面悬挂着五颜六色的彩灯、礼物和纸花,还点燃着圣诞蜡烛。

红色与白色相映成趣的是圣诞老人,他是圣诞节活动中最受欢迎的人物。西方儿童在圣诞夜临睡之前,要在壁炉前或枕头旁放上一只袜子,等候圣诞老人在他们入睡后把礼物放在袜子内。在西方,扮演圣诞老人也是一种习俗。

圣诞的由来

圣诞节的由来耶稣的生日究竞是哪一天,其实早无据可查。为什么要把12月25日定为圣诞节呢?这是在5世纪中叶由教会规定的。公元354年,在“菲洛卡连”日历中第一次写明12月25日是耶稣的生日,到5世纪西方普遍接受了这个日期为圣诞节。

圣诞树

据称,圣诞树最早出现在古罗马12月中旬的农神节,德国传教士尼古斯在公元8世纪用纵树供奉圣婴。随后,德国人把12月24日作为亚当和夏娃的节日,在家放上象征伊甸园的“乐园树”,上挂代表圣饼的小甜饼,象征赎罪;还点上蜡烛,象征基督。到16世纪,宗教改革者马丁路德,为求得一个满天星斗的圣诞之夜,设计出在家中布置一颗装着蜡烛的圣诞树。不过,西方关于圣诞树的来历流行着另一种说法:有个善良的农民,在圣诞节那天,热情地招待了一名流浪的孩子,临别时,孩子折下一树枝插在地上树枝立即长成大树,孩子指着这树对农民说,每年今日,树上都长满礼物,以报答你们的盛情。所以,今天人们所见的圣诞树上总是挂满了小礼物。

圣诞歌

长期以来,一直流行的圣诞歌主要有三个,一个是《平安夜》;一个是《听,天使报佳音》;第三个是《铃铛儿响叮当》。

圣诞老人

圣诞老人原指公元4世纪时小亚细亚专区 的主教尼古拉,他因和蔼可亲慷慨济贫万里闻名。到了6世纪,东方把他尊称为圣尼古拉。由于民间有关尼古拉的传说中,都联系到少年儿童和礼物,从此,圣诞老人便成为专门在圣诞节向孩子们送礼物的慈祥老人的形象。到了18世纪,通过文学和绘画,圣诞老人逐渐成为身穿红外衣的白胡子、白眉毛老人形象。

圣诞卡

世界上第一张圣诞卡是1843年英国人亨利高乐爵士提议,由约翰卡尔葛荷斯利设计的。卡片上画的是一个贵族家庭,三代人一齐举杯对一位不在场的亲友表示祝贺。当时他印了1000张,没有用完的印刷厂就以每张1先令的价钱卖出。圣诞卡就这样诞生了。

圣诞礼物

据《圣经》记载,来自东方的圣人在耶稣降生的时候赠送礼物,这就是圣诞老人为儿童赠送礼品习俗的由来。英国少年儿童在圣诞前夕把长统袜子放在壁炉旁,相信圣诞老人在夜里会从大烟囱下来,给他们带来满袜子的礼物。法国的少年儿童把鞋放在门口,让“圣婴来时把礼物放在鞋里面。”

圣诞大餐

正像中国人过春节吃年饭一样,欧美人过圣诞节也很注重全家人围坐在圣诞树下,共进节日美餐。圣诞大餐吃火鸡的习俗始于1620年。这种风俗盛于美国。英国人的圣诞大餐是烤鹅,而非火鸡。奥大利人爱在平安夜里,全家老小约上亲友成群结队地到餐馆去吃一顿圣诞大餐,其中,火鸡、腊鸡、烧牛仔肉和猪腿必不可少,同时伴以名酒,吃得大家欢天喜地

每年的1月1日为元旦,是新年的开始。“元日”是合成词,按单个字来讲,“元”是第一或开始的意思,“旦”字的原意是天亮或早晨。我国在发掘大汶口文化遗物中,发现一幅太阳从山颠升起,中间云烟缭绕的图画。经考证,这是我国最古老的“旦”字写法。后来,在殷商的青铜器铸铭上,又出现了被简化的“旦”字。“旦”字是以圆圆的太阳来表示的。“日”下面的“一”字表示地平线,意为太阳从地平线上冉冉升起。南朝文史家肖子云在他的《介雅》中记载有“四气新元旦,万寿初今朝”,看来那时已将旦为一日的开始,引申为一年的第一天了。 但是,我国古人说的元旦,却并不是公历的1月1日,而是正月初一,又称元日。中国历史上的年号并不是公元纪年,而是每个皇帝每个朝代都有单独的纪年,是阴历纪年。现行的公元纪年,是西方历法的体现。是以基督诞生为公元1年。中国只是到了中华民国以后才逐渐改用公元纪年。因此,中国农历的正月初一既春节比公历的元旦更有节日气氛。

“元”有始之意,“旦”指天明的时间,也通指白天。元旦,便是一年开始的第一天。“元旦”一词,最早出自南朝梁人萧子云《介雅》诗:“四气新元旦,万寿初今朝。”宋代吴自牧《梦梁录》卷一“正月”条目:“正月朔日,谓之元旦,俗呼为新年。一岁节序,此为之首。”元旦,《书·舜典》中叫“元日”,汉代崔瑗《三子钗铭》中叫“元正”;晋代庾阐《扬都赋》中称作“元辰”;北齐时的一篇《元会大享歌皇夏辞》中呼为“元春”;唐德宗李适《元日退朝观军仗归营》诗中谓之“元朔”。自来元旦指的是夏历(农历、阴历)正月初一。在汉语各地方言中有不同叫法,有叫“大年初一”的,有叫“大天初一”的,有叫“年初一”的,一般又叫“正月初一”。

我国历代元旦的月日并不一致。夏代在正月初一,商代在十二月初一,周代在十一月初一,秦始皇统一六国后,又以十月初一日为元旦,自此历代相沿未改(《史记》)。汉武帝太初元年时,司马迁创立了“太初历”,这才又以正月初一为元旦,和夏代规定一样,所以又称“夏历”,一直沿用到辛亥革命。中华民国建立,孙中山为了“行夏正,所以顺农时;从西历,所以便统计”,定正月初一(元旦)为春节,而以西历(公历)1月1日为新年。1949年9月27日,中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议通过使用“公元纪年法”,将农历正月初一称“春节”,将公历1月1日定为“元旦”。

过圣诞节已经成为世界各地的风俗习惯,可是你可曾探究过这日子的由来?你知道为什麼要庆祝这日子吗?圣诞节的由来可追溯到2001年前耶稣的诞生。

确实年份虽然已无从考察,但大多数考古学家都认为应该是在划分世纪的那一年(即公元前一年),只不过正确的出生日期无法确定。因此早期的基督教徒便以罗马帝国时期的密司拉教派,在每年一二月二十五日纪念太阳神诞辰的第一天定为圣诞节。所以圣诞节在宗教上是基督教徒纪念耶诞生的一个重要节日。根据圣经的记载,耶稣诞生在犹太的一座小城--伯利恒。马利亚,也就是耶稣的母亲,因圣灵的感动而怀孕,在梦中天使加百列向她显现,告诉她,她将要生下神的儿子,他要被称为耶稣。就在与丈夫约瑟返往家乡时,所有的旅店客满,因此马利亚被迫在马槽生下耶稣。遥远的东方有三博士得到神的启示,追随天上的一颗明亮星星找到了耶稣,俯伏拜他,揭开宝盒,拿出黄金、乳香、没药为礼物献给他。在伯特利野地的牧差人也听到天使的声音从天上发出,向他们款耶稣降生的佳音。在民俗上,那可就要追溯到德国了。在德国,圣诞节前的四个星期天分别秩为第一、二、三、四个待降节(advent)。在第一个待降节左右就开始了耶诞市集,而第一个待降节当天,家家户户都会将待降花圈(adventskranz)中第一根蜡烛点燃,之后每个待降节分吸再依序点燃待降花圈的其他蜡烛,等第四根蜡烛被点燃的时候,就代表耶诞节要来啦!这段期间德国家庭同时开始准备各项采买、装饰,大扫除的工作,这像不像我们的腊月呢?而小朋友也会得到一份「耶诞日历」(ADVENTSKALENDER),这是一个纸盒,上面会有1到24个小「门」,每个小门后面都有一样小玩具或糖果之类的东西。就像我们小时候在住家附的杂货店「抽」东西一样,小朋友从十二月一号开始每天可以开一个门,刚好开到十二月二十四的耶诞节前夕。不过顽皮的小朋友通常迫不及待地在第一天就将它全部打开了!

the name christmas is short for "christ\'s mass" a mass is a kind of church service christmas is a religious festival it is the day we celebrate as the birthday of jesus there are special christmas services in christian churches all over the world but many of the festivities of christmas do not have anything to do with religion exchanging gifts and sending christmas cards are the modern ways of celebrating the christmas in the world the birth of jesus had a story: in nazareth, a city of galilee the virgin\'s name was mary was betrothed to joseph

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Far and away the most important holiday in China is Spring Festival, also known as the Chinese New Year To the Chinese people it is as important as Christmas to people in the West The dates for this annual celebration are determined by the lunar calendar rather than the Gregorian calendar, so the timing of the holiday varies from late January to early February

To the ordinary Chinese, the festival actually begins on the eve of the lunar New Year's Day and ends on the fifth day of the first month of the lunar calendar But the 15th of the first month, which normally is called the Lantern Festival, means the official end of the Spring Festival in many parts of the country

Preparations for the New Year begin the last few days of the last moon, when houses are thoroughly cleaned, debts repaid, hair cut and new clothes purchased Houses are festooned with paper scrolls bearing auspicious antithetical couplet (as show on both side of the page) and in many homes, people burn incense at home and in the temples to pay respects to ancestors and ask the gods for good health in the coming months

"Guo Nian," meaning "passing the year," is the common term among the Chinese people for celebrating the Spring Festival It actually means greeting the new year At midnight at the turn of the old and new year, people used to let off fire-crackers which serve to drive away the evil spirits and to greet the arrival of the new year In an instant the whole city would be engulfed in the deafening noise of the firecrackers

On New Year's Eve, all the members of families come together to feast Jiaozi, a steamed dumpling as pictured below, is popular in the north, while southerners favor a sticky sweet glutinous rice pudding called nian gao

"CHRISTMAS (ie the Mass of Christ), in the Christian Church, the festival of the nativity of Jesus Christ The history of this feast coheres so closley with that of Epiphany (qv), that what follows must be read in connexion with the article under that heading

The earliest body of gospel tradition, represented by Mark no less than by the primitive non-Marcan document embodied in the first and third gospels, begins, not with the birth and childhood of Jesus, but with his baptism; and this order of accretion of gospel matter is faithfully reflected in the time order of the invention of feasts The great church adopted Christmas much later than Epiphany; and before the 5th cntury there was no general consensus of opinion as to when it should come in the calendar, whether on the 6th of January, or the 25th of March, or the 25th of December

The earliest identification of the 25th of December with the birthday of Christ is in a passage otherwise unknown and probably spurious, of Theophilus of Antioch (AD 171-183), preserved in Latin by the Magdeburg centuriators (i3, 118), to the effect that the Gauls contended that as they celebrated the birth of the Lord on the 25th of December, whatever day of the week it might be, so they ought to celebrate the Pascha on the 25th of March when the resurrection befell

The next mention of the 25th of December is in Hippolytus' (c 202) commentary on Daniel iv23 Jesus, he says, was born at Bethlehem on the 25th of December, a Wednesday, in the forty-second year of Augustus This passage also is almost certainly interpolated In any case he mentions no feat, nor was such a feast congruous with the orthodox ideas of that age As late as 245 Origen, in his eighth homily on Leviticus, repudiates as sinful the very idea of keeping the birthday of Christ "as if he were a king Pharoah" The first certain mention of Dec 25 is in a Latin chronographer of AD 354, first published entire by Mommsen [1--In the _Abhandlungen der sachsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften_ (1895) Note that in AD 1, Dec 25 was a Sunday and not a Friday] It runs thus in English:

"Year 1 after Christ, in the consulate of Caesar and Paulus, the Lord Jesus Christ was born on the 25th of December, a Friday and 15th day of the new moon" Here again no festal celebration of the day is attested

There were, however many speculations in the 2nd century about the date of Christ's birth Clement of Alexandria, towards its close, mentions several such, and condemns them as superstitions Some chronologists, he says, alleged the birth to have occurred in the twenty-eighth year of Augustus, on the 25th of Pachon, the Egyptian month, ie the 20th of May These were probably the Basilidian gnostics Others set it on the 24th or 25th of Pharmuthi, ie, the 19th or 20th of April Clement himself sets it on the 17th of November, 3 BC The author of a Latin tract, called the _De Pascha computus_, written in Africa in 243, sets it by private revelation, _ab ipso deo inspirati_, on the 28th of March He argues that the world was created perfect, flowers in bloom, and trees in leaf, therefore in spring; also at the equinox, and when the moon just created was full Now the moon and sun were created on a Wednesday The 28th of March suits all these considerations Christ, therefore, being the Sun of Righteousness, was born on the 28th of March

The same symbolical reasoning led Polycarp [2--In a fragment preserved by an Armenian writer, Ananias of Shirak] (before 160) to set his birth on Sunday, when the world's creation began, but his baptism on Wednesday, for it was the analogue of the sun's creation On such grounds certain Latins as early as 354 may have transferred the human birthday from the 6th of January to the 25th of December, which was then a Mithraic feast and is by the chronographer above referred to, but in another part of his compilation, termed _Natilis invicti solis_, or birthday of the unconquered Sun Cyprian (_de orat dem_ 35) calls Christ _Sol verus_, Ambrose _Sol novus noster_ (Sermo vii 13), and such rhetoric was widespread

The Syrians and Armenians, who clung to the 6th of January, accused the Romans of sun-worship and idolatry, contending with great probability that the feast of the 25th of December had been invented by disciples of Cerinthus and its lections by Artemon to commemorate the _natural_ birth of Jesus Chrysostom also testifies the 25th of December to have been from the beginning known in the West, from Thrace even as far as Gades Ambrose, _On Virgins_, iii ch 1, writing to his sister, implies that as late as the papacy of Liberius 352-356, the Birth from the Virgin was feasted together with the Marriage of Cana and the Banquet of the 4000 (Luke ix13), which were never feasted on any other day but Jan 6

Chrysostom, in a seermon preached at Antioch on Dec 20, 386 or 388, says that some held the feast of Dec 25 to have been held in the West, from Thrace as far as Cadiz, from the beginning It certainly originated in the West, but spread quickly eastwards In 353-361 it was observed at the court of Constantius Basil of Caesarea (died 379) adopted it Honorius, emperor (395-423) in the West, informed his mother and brother Arcadius (395-408) in Byzantium of how the new feast was kept in Rome, separate from the 6th of January, with its own _troparia_ and _sticharia_

They adopted it, and recommended it to Chryostom, who had long been in favour of it, as were the other three patriarchs, Theophilus of Alexandria, John of Jerusalem, and Flavian of Antioch This was under Pope Anastasius, 398-400 John or Wahan of Nice, in a letter printed by Combefis in his _Historia monothelitarum_, affords the above details The new feast was communicated by Proclus, patriarch of Constantinople (434-446), to Sahak, Catholicos of Armenia, about 440 The letter was betrayed to the Persian king, who accused Sahak of Greek intrigues, and deposed him However, the Armenians, at least those within the Byzantine pale, adopted it for about thirty years, but finally abandoned it together with the decrees of Chalcedon early in the 8th century

Many writers of the period 375-450, eg Epiphanius, Cassian, Asterius, Basil, Chrysostom and Jerome, contrast the new feast with that of the Baptism as that of the birth _after the flesh_, from which we infer that the latter was generally regarded as a birth according to the Spirit Instructive as showing that the new feast travelled from West eastwards is the fact (noticed by Usener) that in 387 the new feast was reckoned according to the Julian calandar by writers of the province of Asia, who in referring to other feasts use the reckoning of their local calendars As early as 400 in Rome an imperial rescript includes Christmas among the three feasts (the others are Easter and Epiphany) on which theatres must be closed Epiphany and Christmas were not made judicial _sine dies_ until 534

For some years in the West (as late as 353 in Rome) the birth feast was appended to the baptismal feast on the 6th of January, and in Jerusalem it altogether supplanted it from almost 360 to 440, when Bishop Juvenal introduced the feast of the 25th of December The new feast was about the same time (440) finally established in Alexandria The _quadregesima_ of Epiphany (ie, the feast of the presentation in the Temple, or _hupapante_) continued to be celebrated in Jerusalem on the 14th of February, forty days afer the 6th of January, until the reign of Justinian In most other places it had long before been put back to the 2nd of February to suit the new Christmas Armenian historians describe the riots, and display of armed force, without which Justinian was not able in Jerusalem to transfer this feast from the 14th to the 2nd of February

The grounds on which the Church introduced so late as 350-440 a Christmas feast till then unknown, or, if known, precariously linked with the baptism, seem in the main to have been the following: (1) The transition from adult to infant baptism was proceeding rapidly in the East, and in the West was well-nigh completed Its natural complement was a festal recognition of the fact that the divine element was present in Christ from the first, and was no new stage of spiritual promotion coeval only with the descent of the Spirit upon him at baptism

The general adoption of child baptism helped to extinguish the old view that the divine life in Jesus dated from his baptism, a view which led the Epiphany feast to be regarded as that of Jesus' spiritual rebirth (2) The 4th century witnessed a rapid diffusion of Marcionite, or, as it was now called, Manichaean propaganda, the chief tenet of which was that Jesus either was not born at all, was a mere phantasm, or anyhow did not take flesh of the Virgin Mary Against this view the new Christmas was a protest, since it was peculiarly the feast of his birth in the flesh, or as a man, and is constantly spoken of as such by the fathers who witnessed its institution

In Britain the 25th of December was a festival long before the conversion to Christianity, for Bede (_De temp rat_ ch 13) relates that "the ancient people of the Angli began the year on the 25th of December when we now celebrate the birthday of the Lord; and the very night which is now so holy to us, they called in their tongue _modranecht (modra niht)_, that is, the mothers' night, by reason we suspect of the ceremonies which in that night-long vigil they performed" With his usual reticence about matters pagan or not orthodox, Bede abstains from recording who the mothers were and what the ceremonies In 1644 the English puritans forbad any merriment or religious services by act of Parliament, on the ground that it was a heathen festival, and ordered it to be kept as a fast Charles II revived the feast, but the Scots adhered to the Puritan view

Outside Teutonic countries presents are unknown Their place is taken in Latin countries by the _strebae_, French e'trennes_, given on the 1st of January; this was in antiquity a great holiday, wherefore until late in the 4th century the Christians kept it as a day of fasting and gloom The setting up in Latin churches of a Christmas _cr`eche_ is said to have been originated by St Francis

AUTHORITIES -- KAH Kellner, _Heortologie_ (Freiburg im Br, 1906), with Bibliography; Hospinianus, _De festis Christianorum_ (Geneva, 1574); Edw Mart`ene, _De Antiquis Ecclesiae Ritibus_, iii31 (Bassani, 1788); JCW Augusti, _Christl Archaologie_, vols i and v (Leipzig, 1817- 1831); A J Benterim, Denkwurdigkeiten_, v pt i p 528 (Mainz, 1825, &c); Ernst Friedrich Wernsdorf, _De originibus Solemnium Natalis Christi_ (Wittenberg, 1757, and in JE Volbeding, _Thesaurus Commentationum_, Leipzig, 1847); Anton Bynaeus, _De Natali Jesu Christi_ (Amsterdam, 1689); Hermann Usener, _Religionsgeschichtlicke Untersuchungen_ (Bonn, 1889); Nik Niles, SJ, _Kalendarium Manuale_ (Innsbruck, 1896); L Duschesne, _Origines du culte chre'tien_ (3e e'd, Paris, 1889)

-- Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, MA, DTh (Giessen) Fellow of the British Academy Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford Author of _The Ancient Armenian Texts of Aristotle_; _Myth, Magic and Morals_; &c"

12月25日,是基督教徒纪念耶稣诞生的日子,称为圣诞节。

从12月24日于翌年1月6日为圣诞节节期。节日期间,各国基督教徒都举行隆重的纪念仪式。圣诞节本来是基督教徒的节日,由于人们格外重视,它便成为一个全民性的节日,是西方国家一年中最盛大的节日,可以和新年相提并论,类似我国过春节。

西方人以红、绿、白三色为圣诞色,圣诞节来临时家家户户都要用圣诞色来装饰。红色的有圣诞花和圣诞蜡烛。绿色的是圣诞树。它是圣诞节的主要装饰品,用砍伐来的杉、柏一类呈塔形的常青树装饰而成。上面悬挂着五颜六色的彩灯、礼物和纸花,还点燃着圣诞蜡烛。

红色与白色相映成趣的是圣诞老人,他是圣诞节活动中最受欢迎的人物。西方儿童在圣诞夜临睡之前,要在壁炉前或枕头旁放上一只袜子,等候圣诞老人在他们入睡后把礼物放在袜子内。在西方,扮演圣诞老人也是一种习俗。

圣诞的由来

圣诞节的由来耶稣的生日究竞是哪一天,其实早无据可查。为什么要把12月25日定为圣诞节呢?这是在5世纪中叶由教会规定的。公元354年,在“菲洛卡连”日历中第一次写明12月25日是耶稣的生日,到5世纪西方普遍接受了这个日期为圣诞节。

圣诞树

据称,圣诞树最早出现在古罗马12月中旬的农神节,德国传教士尼古斯在公元8世纪用纵树供奉圣婴。随后,德国人把12月24日作为亚当和夏娃的节日,在家放上象征伊甸园的“乐园树”,上挂代表圣饼的小甜饼,象征赎罪;还点上蜡烛,象征基督。到16世纪,宗教改革者马丁路德,为求得一个满天星斗的圣诞之夜,设计出在家中布置一颗装着蜡烛的圣诞树。不过,西方关于圣诞树的来历流行着另一种说法:有个善良的农民,在圣诞节那天,热情地招待了一名流浪的孩子,临别时,孩子折下一树枝插在地上树枝立即长成大树,孩子指着这树对农民说,每年今日,树上都长满礼物,以报答你们的盛情。所以,今天人们所见的圣诞树上总是挂满了小礼物。

圣诞歌

长期以来,一直流行的圣诞歌主要有三个,一个是《平安夜》;一个是《听,天使报佳音》;第三个是《铃铛儿响叮当》。

圣诞老人

圣诞老人原指公元4世纪时小亚细亚专区 的主教尼古拉,他因和蔼可亲慷慨济贫万里闻名。到了6世纪,东方把他尊称为圣尼古拉。由于民间有关尼古拉的传说中,都联系到少年儿童和礼物,从此,圣诞老人便成为专门在圣诞节向孩子们送礼物的慈祥老人的形象。到了18世纪,通过文学和绘画,圣诞老人逐渐成为身穿红外衣的白胡子、白眉毛老人形象。

圣诞卡

世界上第一张圣诞卡是1843年英国人亨利高乐爵士提议,由约翰卡尔葛荷斯利设计的。卡片上画的是一个贵族家庭,三代人一齐举杯对一位不在场的亲友表示祝贺。当时他印了1000张,没有用完的印刷厂就以每张1先令的价钱卖出。圣诞卡就这样诞生了。

圣诞礼物

据《圣经》记载,来自东方的圣人在耶稣降生的时候赠送礼物,这就是圣诞老人为儿童赠送礼品习俗的由来。英国少年儿童在圣诞前夕把长统袜子放在壁炉旁,相信圣诞老人在夜里会从大烟囱下来,给他们带来满袜子的礼物。法国的少年儿童把鞋放在门口,让“圣婴来时把礼物放在鞋里面。”

圣诞大餐

正像中国人过春节吃年饭一样,欧美人过圣诞节也很注重全家人围坐在圣诞树下,共进节日美餐。圣诞大餐吃火鸡的习俗始于1620年。这种风俗盛于美国。英国人的圣诞大餐是烤鹅,而非火鸡。奥大利人爱在平安夜里,全家老小约上亲友成群结队地到餐馆去吃一顿圣诞大餐,其中,火鸡、腊鸡、烧牛仔肉和猪腿必不可少,同时伴以名酒,吃得大家欢天喜地

每年的1月1日为元旦,是新年的开始。“元日”是合成词,按单个字来讲,“元”是第一或开始的意思,“旦”字的原意是天亮或早晨。我国在发掘大汶口文化遗物中,发现一幅太阳从山颠升起,中间云烟缭绕的图画。经考证,这是我国最古老的“旦”字写法。后来,在殷商的青铜器铸铭上,又出现了被简化的“旦”字。“旦”字是以圆圆的太阳来表示的。“日”下面的“一”字表示地平线,意为太阳从地平线上冉冉升起。南朝文史家肖子云在他的《介雅》中记载有“四气新元旦,万寿初今朝”,看来那时已将旦为一日的开始,引申为一年的第一天了。 但是,我国古人说的元旦,却并不是公历的1月1日,而是正月初一,又称元日。中国历史上的年号并不是公元纪年,而是每个皇帝每个朝代都有单独的纪年,是阴历纪年。现行的公元纪年,是西方历法的体现。是以基督诞生为公元1年。中国只是到了中华民国以后才逐渐改用公元纪年。因此,中国农历的正月初一既春节比公历的元旦更有节日气氛。

“元”有始之意,“旦”指天明的时间,也通指白天。元旦,便是一年开始的第一天。“元旦”一词,最早出自南朝梁人萧子云《介雅》诗:“四气新元旦,万寿初今朝。”宋代吴自牧《梦梁录》卷一“正月”条目:“正月朔日,谓之元旦,俗呼为新年。一岁节序,此为之首。”元旦,《书·舜典》中叫“元日”,汉代崔瑗《三子钗铭》中叫“元正”;晋代庾阐《扬都赋》中称作“元辰”;北齐时的一篇《元会大享歌皇夏辞》中呼为“元春”;唐德宗李适《元日退朝观军仗归营》诗中谓之“元朔”。自来元旦指的是夏历(农历、阴历)正月初一。在汉语各地方言中有不同叫法,有叫“大年初一”的,有叫“大天初一”的,有叫“年初一”的,一般又叫“正月初一”。

我国历代元旦的月日并不一致。夏代在正月初一,商代在十二月初一,周代在十一月初一,秦始皇统一六国后,又以十月初一日为元旦,自此历代相沿未改(《史记》)。汉武帝太初元年时,司马迁创立了“太初历”,这才又以正月初一为元旦,和夏代规定一样,所以又称“夏历”,一直沿用到辛亥革命。中华民国建立,孙中山为了“行夏正,所以顺农时;从西历,所以便统计”,定正月初一(元旦)为春节,而以西历(公历)1月1日为新年。1949年9月27日,中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议通过使用“公元纪年法”,将农历正月初一称“春节”,将公历1月1日定为“元旦”。

过圣诞节已经成为世界各地的风俗习惯,可是你可曾探究过这日子的由来?你知道为什麼要庆祝这日子吗?圣诞节的由来可追溯到2001年前耶稣的诞生。

确实年份虽然已无从考察,但大多数考古学家都认为应该是在划分世纪的那一年(即公元前一年),只不过正确的出生日期无法确定。因此早期的基督教徒便以罗马帝国时期的密司拉教派,在每年一二月二十五日纪念太阳神诞辰的第一天定为。所以圣诞节在宗教上是基督教徒纪念耶诞生的一个重要节日。根据圣经的记载,耶稣诞生在犹太的一座小城--伯利恒。马利亚,也就是耶稣的母亲,因圣灵的感动而怀孕,在梦中天使加百列向她显现,告诉她,她将要生下神的儿子,他要被称为耶稣。就在与丈夫约瑟返往家乡时,所有的旅店客满,因此马利亚被迫在马槽生下耶稣。遥远的东方有三博士得到神的启示,追随天上的一颗明亮星星找到了耶稣,俯伏拜他,揭开宝盒,拿出黄金、乳香、没药为礼物献给他。在伯特利野地的牧差人也听到天使的声音从天上发出,向他们款耶稣降生的佳音。在民俗上,那可就要追溯到德国了。在德国,圣诞节前的四个星期天分别秩为第一、二、三、四个待降节(advent)。在第一个待降节左右就开始了耶诞市集,而第一个待降节当天,家家户户都会将待降花圈(adventskranz)中第一根蜡烛点燃,之后每个待降节分吸再依序点燃待降花圈的其他蜡烛,等第四根蜡烛被点燃的时候,就代表耶诞节要来啦!这段期间德国家庭同时开始准备各项采买、装饰,大扫除的工作,这像不像我们的腊月呢?而小朋友也会得到一份「耶诞日历」(ADVENTSKALENDER),这是一个纸盒,上面会有1到24个小「门」,每个小门后面都有一样小玩具或糖果之类的东西。就像我们小时候在住家附的杂货店「抽」东西一样,小朋友从十二月一号开始每天可以开一个门,刚好开到十二月二十四的耶诞节前夕。不过顽皮的小朋友通常迫不及待地在第一天就将它全部打开了!

the name christmas is short for "christ\'s mass" a mass is a kind of church service christmas is a religious festival it is the day we celebrate as the birthday of jesus there are special christmas services in christian churches all over the world but many of the festivities of christmas do not have anything to do with religion exchanging gifts and sending christmas cards are the modern ways of celebrating the christmas in the world the birth of jesus had a story: in nazareth, a city of galilee the virgin\'s name was mary was betrothed to joseph

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