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中国的软件人才结构如何由 “橄榄型”向“金字塔型”转变

2008-10-18 08:47:00 来源: 中国青年报(北京) 网友评论 0 条 当前困扰着中国软件产业发展的一个突出障碍依然是“橄榄型的人才结构”。有别于软件业发达国家的“金字塔型”人力资源结构，中国软件产业目前稀缺的是“高精尖人才”与“底层实战型人才”，至于起着中坚作用的软件工程师则资源丰富。一位国内知名软件企业的***表示，本土软件企业在产品设计的初期“往往只考虑国内用户”，不会结合国际化需求去研发，因此，中国软件企业实现国际化是比较难的。

人才的确已成为制约中国软件产业进一步发展的瓶颈。如何使软件人才结构从“橄榄型”向“金字塔型”转变，如何使中国软件人才具有国际化视野，是我们亟待解决的问题。

我国目前的“软件人才问题”主要表现在结构失衡、局部资源稀缺。当前国内软件人才总量其实并不少。美国每年由计算机专业毕业的大学生仅为数万人，而据统计，2007年中国普通高校新生数量达570万，其中至少有10％的学生选择了与IT相关的专业——这些学生往往头脑聪慧、成绩优秀。同年，中国软件业的人才缺口达20万，且“这一数字正以每年20％的速度增长”。看似矛盾的数据表明，在中国，软件人才匮乏不是全局现象，而是局部现象。

想要做大做强、走向国际的本土企业最需要两类人才，一类是那种有国际化的前瞻视角、且熟谙大型软件研发管理经验的高端精英，另一类则是有助于实现软件研发规模化、流程化、“工业化”的基层人才。而两类人才恰恰是“橄榄结构”的上下两端。这就使得企业总是招不到合适的人，而正规大学培育的学生也往往面临“高不成、低不就”的尴尬处境——因为经验不足，不可能很快成长为独当一面、掌控全局的架构师，但若让他们去基层做“流水线”工作，又未免有些大材小用。

在我看来，造成中国软件业人才结构失衡、资源稀缺的根本原因有三个方面。

首先是人才供求的矛盾。根据工业和信息化部发布的数据，我国软件产业收入已从2001年的796亿元增长到2007年的5834亿元，增长了6．3倍，在全球软件产业所占份额由2001年的15％上升到2007年的87％。但是，担当培养“金字塔底层的实战型人才”的软件职业教育，其步伐没能跟上高速发展的软件业，以至固有的人才培育模式难以满足软件产业快速增长的需求。

其次是教育内容与企业需求的矛盾。客观地说，国内高校的教育内容与软件企业的实际需求仍然存在某种程度的脱节，导致每年软件专业的毕业生中只有20％的人能够直接进入企业工作。

第三是职业技能与思维模式的矛盾。作为正规教育体系的有益补充，民间企业和机构的IT职业培训虽然为学生提供了工作所需的基本技能，但却不一定能给他们国际化的视野和应对复杂问题时的思维模式。

要想解决上述问题，一方面需要强化教育机构与软件企业间的合作，引入研发实战教程，提升IT课业的工具性和实用性，使高校培育的人才在走上工作岗位后“来而能战”、“战而能胜”；另一方面也需要鼓励那些研发、管理经验较丰富的跨国企业积极向本土同行传输经验、传输流程、传输人才、传输“视野”。

换言之，只有在政府、高校和企业的共同努力下，上述问题才有可能得到妥善解决。而在此进程中，拥有成功经验的跨国软件企业理应发挥出更重要的作用。跨国企业参与软件职业教育的形式可以是多种多样的。以微软为例——作为中国软件产业的参与者和负责任的企业公民，微软公司始终将培育软件精英、推动“智造”升级视为我们的使命。近年来，我们与国内高校及企业间“育人合作”的广度和深度均较以往有了大幅提升。

我想指出一点，像微软这样的跨国公司不断扩展其研发团队的规模有利于所在区域乃至整个中国IT产业的人才培养。IT产业从最初形成时起，便被打上了开放、合作与分工的烙印。业内几乎每家成功的公司都在不断输入资金和人才，输出行业精英和先进的技术与产品。我非常希望在这些员工中，能够涌现出未来中国的IT业创新领

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IT行业作为技术提升人才集中型行业，工资薪金也相对高。但是门槛也比较高，特别核心团队。

        从IT行业发展现状来看，受IT技术应用领域广泛、不同技术交互促进的影响，近年来IT技术变革加快，专业化、精细化的IT人才需求旺盛，IT培训行业不断增长。        近年来，我国IT行业整体收入和利润高速增长，据工信部统计数据显示，2018年我国IT行业整体收入达63061亿元，2019年全年，我国IT行业累计完成软件业务收入71768亿元，同比增长154%。2019年我国人均实现业务收入1066万元，同比增长87%。

1September CPI invasive 23 months new high 2 rice, vegetables, and other necessities prices are rising

21 October, the National Bureau of statistics releases third quarter economic data Preliminary estimates, the first three quarters of GDP increased 106% over the same period last year 25 percentage The first three quarters, consumer prices rose 29% Of these, September CPI rose 36% ring than up 06% Rural income growth is faster than the first three quarters of town, the per capita disposable income of urban residents, an increase of $ 14334 105% deducted from the price factors, the actual growth 75% In the per capita income of urban households, wages and other income increased 101%, metastatic growth in revenue, operating 125% net income growth 99%, property income growth 185%

Rural residents per capita cash income of $ 4869 131% deducted from the price factors, the actual growth 97% Of these, wages and other income increased 187%, families operating income growth 87%, property income growth 194%, metastatic growth 172% The first three quarters, after deduction of the price factor, the urban population and per capita consumption expenditures for actual growth 63%, rural population per capita living consumer cash outlays the actual 73 percent Food prices have risen 61, ranked in the first three quarters, consumer prices rose 29% Among them, the city up 28%, rising 31% in rural areas

Sub category, five of the eight categories of commodities rose three: food prices 61%, tobacco, alcohol and other daily necessities rise 16%, health care and personal belongings up 29%, entertainment, educational, and cultural goods and services prices rising 06% living, clothes 41% decline 11%, household equipment and maintenance service down 03%, transport and communication fell by 03% September consumer price rose 36% ring than up 06% Internet users generally considered CPI rose "conservative" for the National Bureau of statistics announced yesterday, the voice of the netizens questioned As of yesterday afternoon at 5 o'clock, SINA on "the first three quarters of GDP increased 106%, CPI rose 29% comments" reached more than 2300, ten thousand related comments Beijing a Netizen said: "we don't know oil Salt sauce vinegar rice and vegetables rose" Chongqing Netizen said: "the food up 61%, this is fairly mild" Tianjin Netizen ty998998 more funny: "29%, you said that Mars, we here in the CPI was 15 per cent ", Nanjing city, Jiangsu Province, a friend said:" regardless of wind and waves hit, CPI index always Gao "Obviously, the friends were announced for the countries of the first three quarters of the consumer prices rose 29% do not agree This year, a considerable rise in food prices, particularly oil and grain, meat, eggs, milk, vegetables and fruits, cotton, sugar and other agricultural products rose is also very impressive, inflation expectations Yesterday, a spokesman for the National Bureau of statistics, economic news, comprehensive statistics, Deputy Director, said the receptacle to transport statistical statistics are scientific, CPI index not to be underestimated Food price inflation pressure lingzhang stronger negative interest rates "times": the ordinary people how to finance the interest rate after one year term deposit interest rate increase to 250 per cent, compared with September CPI rose 36 per cent of the facts, this means that our residents ' actual deposit has been 8 months is negative, negative interest pattern for a long time will continue In the face of inflation, experts recommend that you may wish to take the initiative to understand the financial knowledge, develop financial habits

Now banks for small and medium-sized customers launched in 3 months, 6 months of fixed-income investment products yields in 26% ~ 28 percent, higher than the one year period, but many people do not know Suggested that the majority of consumers through the financial media, professional and financial management division of the financial sector for financial knowledge, establish long-term wealth management concepts

Secondly, with the help of professional bodies to develop a wide range of financial planning When investors have relative plenty of funds and the need to face the future educational, medical, pension and other aspects of the expenditure of time, you can turn to professional financial institutions

Professional financial institutions with the objective of the evaluation system to make the diagnosis "," financial management for customers making diversified financial scheme Next year we will adopt the new CPI weights press spokesman for the National Bureau for migration-21, sheng, next year China will adopt the new CPI weights Container to transport said that China's current CPI, housing price weight is 15 percent, while the United States is 42%, which is two States in the development of the level and quality of life Chinese consumption expenditure ratio in food (Engel) larger, at 40 percent, while the United States has been in Engel coefficient 20 per cent, which also has a slow process of change

3September ，2010 CPI rose invasive 23 months high

《凤凰项目》（基恩·金 (Gene Kim)）电子书网盘下载免费在线阅读

资源链接：

链接：> 密码：98hk

书名：凤凰项目

作者：基恩·金 (Gene Kim)

译者：成小留

豆瓣评分：87

出版社：人民邮电出版社

出版年份：2015-9-1

页数：362

内容简介：本书讲述了一位IT经理临危受命，在未来董事的帮助和自己“三步工作法”理念的支撑下，最终挽救了一家具有悠久历史的汽车配件制造商的故事。小说揭示了管理现代IT组织与管理传统工厂的共通之处，让读者不仅能对如何管理IT组织心领神会，更重要的是将以完全不同于以往的视角来看待自己的工作环境。

作者简介：基恩•金

Tripwire有限公司的创始人，他担任公司CTO长达13年之久。在Tripwire公司，他一直热衷于研究如何提高IT组织的效能。

凯文•贝尔

他创建了信息技术流程研究所，他拥有25年的IT管理经验，为CEO和CIO们提供指导和建议。

乔治•斯帕福德

行业分析师，帮助IT组织更好地找到目标，明确必要条件，发现实现目标的方法。

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