半导体物理方面英文翻译

例如，在一个层面，是在一个铁丝网，每能源有一个国家的电子流动的一个方向和一个国家的电子流动的其他。净流入目前一些国家的一个方向，而不是其他方向，必须占领，并为这一能源是必要的。对于金属这可能是一个非常小的能量在半导体下一个更高的国家谎言以上的带隙。

Also known as laser diode laser diode (LD). Into the 1980s, it absorbed the physical development of the semiconductor up-to-date results, the use of quantum well (QW) and strained quantum well (SL-QW) structures, such as novelty, the introduction of the refractive index modulation Bragg launchers, as well as to enhance Bragg modulation transmitter The latest technology, as well as the development of the MBE, MOCVD and the CBE, such as crystal growth technology of the new technology, making new epitaxial growth technology to precisely control crystal growth to the accuracy of atomic layer thick, high-quality growth of quantum wells, as well as strained quantum well materials. As a result, production of the LD, the current threshold of a significant decline in conversion efficiency has been greatly improved the power output doubled, significantly longer service life.

A low-power LD

In the field of information technology for the rapid development of low-power LD. For example, for fiber-optic communications and optical switching systems distributed feedback (DFB) and the dynamic single-mode LD, narrow linewidth tunable DFB-LD, such as CD-ROM for information processing technology in the field of visible light Wavelength (such as wavelength of 670nm, 650nm, 630nm The blue-green to red) LD, surface-emitting quantum well, as well as ultra-short laser pulses substantive, which are all treated the development of LD. The development of these devices are: narrow-linewidth single-frequency, high-speed, as well as short-wavelength tunable optical and integrated single-chip, and so on.

B high-power LD

In 1983, a single wavelength of 800nm output power LD more than 100mW, to 1989, 0.1mm-wide LD be reached 3.7W continuous output, and 1cm linear array LD has reached 76W output, the conversion efficiency of 39%. In 1992, the Americans also targets to a new level: 1cm linear array LD CW output power up to 121W, the conversion efficiency of 45%. Now, the output power of 120W, 1500W, 3kW and many other high-power LD have been published. High-efficiency, high power LD array and its rapid development for all-solid-state laser, diode laser that is pumped (LDP) of the rapid development of solid-state laser provides strong.

In recent years, in order to adapt to the EDFA and the EDFL, and other needs of the wavelength of 980nm high-power LD is that there is great development. Fiber Bragg Grating with recently selected frequency for filtering, a significant improvement in the stability of its output, pump effectively improve the efficiency.

And the characteristics of the application: semiconductor diode laser is the most important practical for a class of lasers. Its small size, long life, and a simple injection of current-pumped his way to work with the voltage and current circuit-compatible, which can be integrated with a single. And also can be as high as GHz frequency modulation direct current for high-speed modulation of laser output. As a result of these advantages, the semiconductor diode laser in the laser communications, optical storage, optical gyros, laser printing, as well as radar range, and so on, as well as access to a wide range of applications.

声子就是“晶格振动的简正模能量量子。”

对此，我们可以更详细地予以解释。在固体物理学的概念中，结晶态固体中的原子或分子是按一定的规律排列在晶格上的。在晶体中，原子并非是静止的，它们总是围绕着其平衡位置在作不断的振动。另一方面，这些原子又通过其间的相互作用力而连系在一起，即它们各自的振动不是彼此独立的。原子之间的相互作用力一般可以很好地近似为d性力。形象地讲，若把原子比作小球的话，整个晶体犹如由许多规则排列的小球构成，而小球之间又彼此由d簧连接起来一般，从而每个原子的振动都要牵动周围的原子，使振动以d性波的形式在晶体中传播。这种振动在理论上可以认为是一系列基本的振动（即简正振动）的叠加。当原子振动的振幅与原子间距的比值很小时（这在一般情况下总是固体中在定量上高度正确的原子运动图象），如果我们在原子振动的势能展开式中只取到平方项的话（这即所谓的简谐近似），那么，这些组成晶体中d性波的各个基本的简正振动就是彼此独立的。换句话说，每一种简正振动模式实际上就是一种具有特定的频率ω、波长λ和一定传播方向的d性波，整个系统也就相当于由一系列相互独立的谐振子构成。在经典理论中，这些谐振子的能量将是连续的，但按照量子力学，它们的能量则必须是量子化的，只能取hω的整数倍，即En＝（n＋1/2）hω（其中1／2hω为零点能）。这样，相应的能态En就可以认为是由n个能量为hω的“激发量子”相加而成。而这种量子化了的d性波的最小单位就叫声子。声子是一种元激发。

因此，声子用来描述晶格的简谐振动，是固体理论中很重要的一个概念。按照量子力学，物体是由大量的原子构成，每种原子又都含有原子核和电子，因此固体内存在原子核之间的相互作用、电子间的相互作用还有原子核与电子间的相互作用。电子的运动规律可以用密度泛函理论得到，那么原子核的运动规律就用声子来描述。当然这两个理论（密度泛函和声子）都是近似的，因为解析的严格解到目前为止还没有得到。而要严格的按照多体理论来描述这么大量的原子和电子组成的系统，无论解析还是数值模拟都是一个未知数。

声子是简谐近似下的产物，如果振动太剧烈，超过小振动的范围，那么晶格振动就要用非简谐振动理论描述。

声子并不是一个真正的粒子，声子可以产生和消灭，有相互作用的声子数不守恒，声子动量的守恒律也不同于一般的粒子，并且声子不能脱离固体存在。声子只是格波激发的量子，在多体理论中称为集体振荡的元激发或准粒子。

声子发射

英文名称:Aconstic emission,AE

中文名称:声子发射

日本名称:（えいい一）,アコースティックエミッション

说明:在材料裂纹的端部，随裂纹的扩展，会发射出各种频率的d性波,它被称之为声发射。用压电变换元件检测此时发出的d性波,可测定有无裂纹以及断裂的开始，断裂源的位置等。

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