什么叫准金属？要说出它们的化学性质，要说出准金属是哪些化学元素呦！高分悬赏！

准金属

metalloid

准金属也叫半金属。通常指硼、硅、锗、硒、碲、钋、砷和锑。它们在元素周期表中处于金属向非金属过渡的位置，物理性质和化学性质介于金属和非金属之间。单质一般性脆，呈金属光泽。电负性在1.8～2.4之间，大于金属，小于非金属，准金属多是半导体，具有导电性。它们跟非金属作用时常作为电子给予体，而跟金属作用时常作为电子接受体。 这类元素大部分为重要的工业材料，用于制造晶体管、集成电路芯片、半导体器件、陶瓷制品、太阳能电池和某些聚合物。

碱金属是锂、钠、钾、铷、铯、钫六种金属元素的统称。(钫因为是放射性元素所以高中不予考虑)除了氢氧化锂是中强碱之外,其余碱金属的氢氧化物是强碱。

碱金属盐类溶解性的最大特点是易溶性。除极少数阴离子的碱金属盐难溶于水外，几乎所有的碱金属盐均易溶于水，且在溶液中完全电离。

所谓主族元素就是指除了最外层电子层以外的电子层的电子数都是满电子的化学元素。

原理：同主族元素从上到下原子序数逐渐增大，电子层数逐渐增多，原子半径逐渐增大，得电子能力逐渐减小，失电子能力逐渐增大，元素金属性逐渐增大，非金属性逐渐减小，气态氢化物稳定性逐渐减小。

IA：Li Na K Rb Cs Fr

最高价氧化物对应水化物的碱性：LiOH<NaOH<KOH<RbOH<CsOH

ⅡA：Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra）

最高价氧化物对应水化物碱性：Be(OH)2<Mg(OH)2<Ca(OH)2<Sr(OH)2<Ba(OH)2

ⅢA：B Al Ga In Ta

此层元素比较特殊，在化学性质上显示出两性

ⅣA：C Si Ge Sn Pb

气态氢化物的稳定性：CH4>SiH4

最高价氧化物对应水化物的酸性：H2CO3>H2SiO3(H4SiO4)

ⅤA：N P As Sb Bi

气态氢化物的稳定性：NH3>PH3>AsH3

最高价氧化物对应水化物的酸性：HNO3>H3PO4>H3AsO4

ⅥA：O S Se Te Po

气态氢化物的稳定性：H2O>H2S>H2Se

最高价氧化物对应水化物的酸性：H2SO4>H2SeO4

ⅦA：F Cl Br I At

气态氢化物的稳定性：HF>HCl>HBr>HI

最高价氧化物对应水化物的酸性：HClO4>HBrO4>HIO4

卤素，卤族元素的简称，是元素周期表上的第ⅦA族元素(IUPAC新规定：17族)。

由于卤素可以和很多金属形成盐类，因此英文卤素（halogen）来源于希腊语halos（盐）和gennan（形成）两个词。在中文里，卤的原意是盐碱地的意思。

卤素的物理、化学特性

通常来说，液体卤素分子的沸点均要高于它们所对应的烃链(alcane)。这主要是由于卤素分子比烃链更加电极化，而分子的电极化增加了分子之间的连接力（正电极与负电极的相互吸引），这使我们需要对液体提供更多的能量才能使其蒸发。

卤素的物理特性和化学特性明显区分与于它对应的烃链的主要原因，在于卤素原子（如F,Cl,Br,I)与碳原子的连接，即C-X的连接，明显不同于烃链C-H连接。

* 由于卤素原子通常具有较大的负电性，所以C-X连接比C-H连接更加电极化，但仍然是共价键。

* 由于卤素原子相较于碳原子，通常体积和质量较大，所以C-X连接的偶极子矩（Dipole Moment)和键能量（Bonding Energy)远大于C-H，这些导致了C-X的连接力（Bonding strength)远小于C-H连接。

* 卤素原子脆弱的p轨道（Orbital）与碳原子稳定的sp3轨道相连接，这也大大降低了C-X连接的稳定性。

位于元素周期表右方的卤族元素是典型的非金属。卤素的电子构型均为ns2np5，它们获取一个电子以达到稳定结构的趋势极强烈。所以化学性质很活泼，自然状态下不能以单质存在，一般化合价为-1价，即卤离子（X-）的形式。

卤素单质都有氧化性，氧化性从氟到碘依次降低。碘单质氧化性比较弱，三价铁离子可以把碘离子氧化为碘。

卤素单质在碱中容易歧化，方程式为：

3X2 + 6OH- = 5X- + XO3- + 3H2O

但在酸性条件下，其逆反应很容易进行：

5X- + XO3- + 6H+ = 3X2 + 3H2O

这一反应是制取溴和碘单质流程中的最后一步。

卤素的氢化物叫卤化氢，为共价化合物；而其溶液叫氢卤酸，因为它们在水中都以离子形式存在，且都是酸。氢氟酸一般看成是弱酸，pKa=3.20。氢氯酸（即盐酸）、氢溴酸、氢碘酸都是化学中典型的强酸，它们的pKa均为负数，酸性从HCl到HI依次增强。

卤素可以显示多种价态，正价态一般都体现在它们的含氧酸根中：

+1: HXO（次卤酸）

+3: HXO2（亚卤酸）

+5: HXO3（卤酸）

+7: HXO4（高卤酸）

卤素的含氧酸均有氧化性，同一种元素中，次卤酸的氧化性最强。

卤素的氧化物都是酸酐。像二氧化氯（ClO2）这样的偶氧化态氧化物是混酐。

只由两种不同的卤素形成的化合物叫做互卤化物，其中显电正性的一种元素呈现正氧化态，氧化态为奇数。这是由于卤素的价电子数是奇数，周围以奇数个其它卤原子与之成键比较稳定(如IF7)。互卤化物都能水解。

我自己翻译的 可以去我blog看看http://hi.baidu.com/xfsuper/blog/item/0716c43959b10ef43b87ce1a.html

化学元素Chamical Elements

化学元素

The alkali metals, found in group 1 of the periodic table (formerly known as group IA), are very reactive metals that do not occur freely in nature. These metals have only one electron in their outer shell. Therefore, they are ready to lose that one electron in ionic bonding with other elements. As with all metals, the alkali metals are malleable, ductile, and are good conductors of heat and electricity. The alkali metals are softer than most other metals. Cesium and francium are the most reactive elements in this group. Alkali metals can explode if they are exposed to water.

碱金属被发现在元素周期表的ⅠA族，是非常活泼的金属而不在直接自然界中出现。这些金属的原子最外电子层只有1个电子。因此非常容易失去电子而与其他元素构成的离子化合物。像所有金属一样，他们具有很好的延展性并且是电和热的良导体。他们比大多数金属柔软。Cs和Fr是他们中最活泼的。碱金属接触水会爆炸。

The Alkali Metals are:

Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Cesium Francium

碱金属包括：Li，Na，K，Rb，Cs，Fr

The alkaline earth elements are metallic elements found in the second group of the periodic table. All alkaline earth elements have an oxidation number of +2, making them very reactive. Because of their reactivity, the alkaline metals are not found free in nature.

碱土金属是ⅡA族中的金属元素。所有的碱土金属元素的化合价都是+2，这使他们非常活泼，因为他们非常活泼，也不在自然界中直接出现。

The Alkaline Earth Metals are:

Beryllium Magnesium Calcium Strontium Barium Radium

碱土金属金属包括Be，Mg，Ca，Sr，Ba，Ra

The 38 elements in groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table are called "transition metals". As with all metals, the transition elements are both ductile and malleable, and conduct electricity and heat. The interesting thing about transition metals is that their valence electrons, or the electrons they use to combine with other elements, are present in more than one shell. This is the reason why they often exhibit several common oxidation states. There are three noteworthy elements in the transition metals family. These elements are iron, cobalt, and nickel, and they are the only elements known to produce a magnetic field.

元素周期表中ⅢB族到ⅡB族的38个元素叫做过渡金属。像所有金属一样，这些金属既有好的延展性也易锻造，并且是电和热的良导体。有趣之处是他们参加反应的电子层超过1层，这也是他们化合价不确定的原因（这句话不懂）。引人注目的是Fe，Co和Ni，他们是已知仅有的能产生磁场的物质的组成元素。

The Transition Metals are:

Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium

过渡金属包括：Sc,Y,Ti,Zr,Hf,Rf,V,Nb,Ta,Db,Cr,Mo,W,Sg,Mn,Tc,Re,Bh,Fe,Ru,Os,Hs,Co,Rh,Ir,Mt,Ni,Pd,Pt,Uun,Cu,Ag,Au,Uuu,Zn,Cd,Hg,Unb

The 7 elements classified as "other metals" are located in groups 13, 14, and 15. While these elements are ductile and malleable, they are not the same as the transition elements. These elements, unlike the transition elements, do not exhibit variable oxidation states, and their valence electrons are only present in their outer shell. All of these elements are solid, have a relatively high density, and are opaque. They have oxidation numbers of +3, ±4, and -3.

这七个被分为“其他金属”的元素位于ⅢA——ⅤA族。他们同样具有很好的延展性和段造性，但是和过渡金属不同。这些元素，不像过渡金属那样显示出可变的化合价，他们只有最外层电子参加反应。所有这七个元素都是固体，而且密度很大，并且不透明。他们的化合价一般是±3，±4。

The "Other Metals" are:

Aluminum Gallium Indium Tin Thallium Lead Bismuth

其他金属包括Al，Ga，In，Tl，Pb，Sn，Bi

Metalloids are the elements found along the stair-step line that distinguishes metals from non-metals. This line is drawn from between Boron and Aluminum to the border between Polonium and Astatine. The only exception to this is Aluminum, which is classified under "Other Metals". Metalloids have properties of both metals and non-metals. Some of the metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, are semi-conductors. This means that they can carry an electrical charge under special conditions. This property makes metalloids useful in computers and calculators

半金属是金属和非金属之间的过渡区。这条线从B，Al一直画到Po和At。之中唯一的特例是Al，它属于其他金属。半金属兼有金属和非金属的特性。例如Si和Ge，他们是半导体，也就是说他们在特殊情况下他们可以导电。这种特性使半金属在计算器和电脑领域很有用。

The Metalloids are:

Boron Silicon Germanium Arsenic Antimony Tellurium Polonium

半金属包括B，SI，Ge，As，Sb，Te，Po

Non-metals are the elements in groups 14-16 of the periodic table. Non-metals are not able to conduct electricity or heat very well. As opposed to metals, non-metallic elements are very brittle, and cannot be rolled into wires or pounded into sheets. The non-metals exist in two of the three states of matter at room temperature: gases (such as oxygen) and solids (such as carbon). The non-metals have no metallic luster, and do not reflect light. They have oxidation numbers of ±4, -3, and -2.

非金属是是元素周期表中ⅣA-ⅥA族的元素。非金属不能很好的导电或导热，与金属元素相反，他们不能被锻造成丝或箔，反而非常易碎。非金属元素在室温下为固态或液态。非金属没有金属一样的光泽，也不反光，他们的化合价为±4, -3, 和 -2.

The Non-Metal elements are:

Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Selenium

非金属元素包括H，C，N，O，P，S，Se

The halogens are five non-metallic elements found in group 17 of the periodic table. The term "halogen" means "salt-former" and compounds containing halogens are called "salts". All halogens have 7 electrons in their outer shells, giving them an oxidation number of -1. The halogens exist, at room temperature, in all three states of matter:

Solid- Iodine, Astatine Liquid- Bromine Gas- Fluorine, Chlorine

卤素是ⅦA族中的5钟非金属元素，卤素的意思来源于希腊语halos（盐）和gennan（形成）两个词。在中文里，卤的原意是盐碱地的意思。所有的卤族元素的原子最外层都有7个电子。这使他们显现-1价。在室温下卤族元素构成的物质可表现为任何状态。

The Halogens are:

Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine

卤族元素包括F，Cl，Br，I，At

The six noble gases are found in group 18 of the periodic table. These elements were considered to be inert gases until the 1960's, because their oxidation number of 0 prevents the noble gases from forming compounds readily. All noble gases have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer shell (2 for Helium, 8 for all others), making them stable.

6种稀有气体是元素周期表0族的元素。在20世纪60年代以前，他们被认为是惰性气体，因为他们0的化合价让他们不与其他元素反应。所有稀有气体的最外电子层都满了。（He是2，其他是8个电子），使它们稳定。

Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon

稀有气体包括He，Ne，Ar，Kr，Xe，Rn

The thirty rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and actinide series. One element of the lanthanide series and most of the elements in the actinide series are called trans-uranium, which means synthetic or man-made. All of the rare earth metals are found in group 3 of the periodic table, and the 6th and 7th periods. The Rare Earth Elements are made up of two series of elements, the Lanthanide and Actinide Series.

三十个稀土金属是稳定的La系和Ac系元素。La系中的一个和Ac系中的大多数被人们叫做反铀元素，或者是人造的。所有稀土元素都位于第三族，第六和第七族，被分为La系和Ac系（……）。

The Rare Earth Elements are:

Lanthanide Series

Actinide Series

Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium

Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

稀土金属包括La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Pm,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu,Ac,Th,Pa,U,Np,Pu,Am,Cm,Bk,Cf,Es,Fm,Md,No,Lr

这一篇还可以

英国化学家戴维，1778年出生于彭赞斯。因他父亲过早去世。母亲无法养活五个孩子，于是卖掉田产，开起女帽制作店来。但他们的日子还是越过越苦。 戴维从小就勇于探索，他的兴趣很广泛。他在学校最喜欢的是化学，常常自己做实验。

17岁的时候，戴维到博莱斯先生的药房当了学徒。既学医学，也学化学，除读书外，他还做些较难的化学实验，为此，人们送他一个“小化学家”的称号。

一天，一个叫贝多斯的物理学家，登门拜访了这位“小化学家”，并邀请他到条件很好的气体研究所去工作。

戴维欣然受聘，来到贝多斯的研究所。该所想通过研究各种气体对人体的作用，弄清哪些气体对人有益，哪些气体对人有害。

戴维接受的第一项任务是配制氧化亚氮气体。戴维不负重望，很炔就制出这种气体。当时，有人说这种气体对人有害，而有的人又说无害，各持己见，莫衷一是。制得的大量气体，只好装在玻璃瓶中留着备用。

1799年4月的一天，贝多斯来到戴维的实验室，见已制出许多氧化亚氮，高兴地说：“啊，不错，您的工作令人十分满意……”贝多斯夸奖戴维的话还未说完，他一转身，不小心手把一个玻璃瓶子碰到地下打碎了。

戴维慌忙过来一看，打碎的正是装氧化亚氮的瓶子，忙问：“手不要紧吧？”

“没事。真对不起，我把您的劳动成果浪费了。”贝多斯边说边拣碎玻璃。

“没啥，我正要作试验呢，想看看这种气体对人究竟会有什么影响，这样一来还省得我开瓶塞……”戴维的话还未说完，被贝多斯反常的表情弄得惊慌失措。

“哈哈哈……”一向沉着、孤僻、严肃得几乎整天板着面孔的贝多斯，今天突然大笑起来，“戴维，哈哈哈……我的手一点儿都不疼，哈哈哈……”“哈哈哈……”刚才还处于惊慌的戴维也骤然大笑，“真的不疼？哈哈哈……”

两位科学家的笑声，惊动了隔壁实验室的人。他们跑来一看，都以为他俩得了神经病。等一阵狂笑之后，两人方逐渐清醒。贝多斯被玻璃划破的手指感到疼痛，原来氧化亚氮不仅使他俩狂笑，而且使贝多斯麻醉不知手痛。

事隔不久，戴维患了牙病，便请来牙科医生德恩梯斯·舍派特。医生决定把他的坏牙拔掉。当时根本没有什么麻醉药，医生硬把牙齿给拉了下来，疼得戴维浑身冒汗。这时，他猛然想起前不久发生的事——贝多斯手划破了，可闻了那氧化亚氮后却一点也没感觉疼。于是，他赶忙拿过装有氧化亚氮的瓶子连吸几口，结果，他又哈哈大笑起来，同时也感觉不到牙痛了。

经过进一步研究，戴维证实氧化亚氮不仅能使人狂笑，而且还有一定的麻醉作用。戴维就为这种气取了个形象的名字笑气。

戴维将关于笑气的研究成果写进《化学和哲学研究》一书，立即轰动了整个欧洲。外科医生们纷纷用笑气做麻醉药，使本来满是刺耳的喊叫声的手术室，弥漫着一片笑声。病人的痛苦也轻多了。

戴维发现笑气的时候，年仅21岁。从此，他成了闻名欧洲的青年科学家。

后来，戴维继续从事科学研究，首先制取了金属钾、钠、钙、镁、钡和非金属硼，还发明了矿工用的安全灯。为人类做出了很大的贡献。

British chemist David, was born in 1778 in Penzance. As a result of his father's premature death. Not the mother of five children to feed, then sell the farm, started millinery shop to produce. But their day is over the more bitter. David from an early age have the courage to explore his interest in a wide range. His favorite is the school of chemical, often their own experiments.

17-year-old, Mr. David to the BLS as a pharmacy apprentice. Both the medical school, school chemistry, in addition to reading, he's also more difficult to do chemical experiments, for which he was sent to a "chemist".

One day, a man named Tony Meadows physicist, had to visit the "chemist" and invited him to the very good conditions for the gas to the work of the Institute.

However, Dai Weixin employed, Tony came to the meadows of the Institute. The study through a variety of gases on the human body, out of gas which were beneficial and which harmful gases.

David to accept the first task is the preparation of nitrous oxide gas. David does not live up, it is such a system on acetylene gas. At that time, it is said that this harmful gas, and some people said that sound, to hold different views, rather than consensus. Obtained a large number of gas, had no choice but to keep in glass bottles mounted on a stand-by.

In April 1799 of the day, Tony came to David Doss of the laboratory, see the system has a lot of nitrous oxide, said happily: "ah, yes, your work is very pleased with the ... ..." Tony praised David Doss The words have not yet finished, he turned a careless hand on the ground floor of a glass bottle smashed across sub.

David hurriedly looked around, broke the bottle of nitrous oxide is loaded, Mangwen: "It does not matter in hand?"

"Never. I'm sorry, I am your labor lost." Meadows said, picking shellfish broken glass.

"Nothing, I am going to trial, would like to see this person on the gas What does it mean, this way also to save me ... ... cork" David's words have not yet finished, Tony Adams and more abnormal Look up panic.

"Ha, ha, ha ... ..." always been cool, eccentric, a serious Banzhuomiankong almost the whole day of the Tony Meadows, all of a sudden today, laughing, "David, Ha, ha, ha ... ... My hands are a little pain, ... Ha, ha, ha ... "" Ha, ha, ha ... ... "in a panic just yet David is also a sudden laugh," really hurt? ... Ha, ha, ha ... "

The two scientists laughter, alerted the laboratory next door. They came to see one, they all thought had neuropathy. Kuang Xiao, and so on for a while, the two sides gradually clear. Tony Adams has been more than cut through the glass finger pain that Kuang Xiao nitrous oxide not only they but also the multi-Tony Adams hand I do not know of narcotic pain.

Soon after, David is suffering from dental problems, we have invited dentists Dehn Ossetia Pat Adams homes. Doctors decided his bad tooth pulled out. At that time, there was not any anesthetic, the doctor forcibly teeth to pull down, David painful sweating all over. At this time, he suddenly reminded of what happened long ago - more than Tony Adams cut through the hand, can be heard and that the nitrous oxide after it did not feel a little pain. As a result, he quickly took the bottle of nitrous oxide with even a few smoke as a result, he laughed, at the same time feel a toothache.

After further study, confirmed that David nitrous oxide Kuangxiao not only make the people, but also a certain narcotic effect. David was on the air that took the name of the image of a laughing gas.

David will be laughing gas on the results of research into the "chemical and philosophical studies", the immediate sensation throughout Europe. Surgeons who have used nitrous oxide anesthesia to do so have been full of ear-piercing cries of the operating room, filled with a laugh. Patients are suffering more than the light.

David found that nitrous oxide, as young as 21 years old. Since then, he has become famous for Europe's young scientists.

Later, David continued to engage in scientific research, first of all, making the metal potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, boron and non-metallic barium, also invented the miner's safety lamp used. Mankind has made a great contribution.

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